肠道M细胞的功能与疾病的研究进展

New insight into function and dysfunction of gut microfold cells

M细胞(microfold cell,M cell)来源于肠隐窝Lgr5+干细胞,成熟的M细胞基底膜向上突起,呈“囊袋状”.M细胞分布广泛,在肠道相关淋巴组织(gut associated lymphoid tissue,GALT)、鼻咽相关淋巴组织(nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue,NALT)和支气管相关淋巴组织(bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue,BALT)均有分布.M细胞分化主要通过两条途径调控,非经典核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)通路和经典NF-κB通路.其中,NF-κB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator of NF-κB ligand,RANKL)和S100A4蛋白至关重要.M细胞在免疫系统中是一把双刃剑,既能摄取转运抗原,引发免疫应答;又是各种病原体侵袭机体的门户.结核病、朊蛋白病和克罗恩病的发生发展都与M细胞息息相关.

Microfold cells(M cells),derived from intestinal crypt Lgr5+stem cells,are distributed in gut-associated lymphoid tissue(GALT),nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue(NALT),and bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue(BALT).The basement membrane of mature M cells protrudes upward,showing a“pocket-like”shape.M cell differentiation is mainly regulated by two pathways,one is the non-canonical NF-κB pathway,and the other is the canonical NF-κB pathway.The differentiation and maturation of M cells are closely related to RANKL and S100A4.M cells can not only transport antigens and trigger an immune response,but also are the gateway for various pathogens to invade the body.The occurrence and development of tuberculosis,prion disease,and Crohn’s disease are closely related to M cells.