父母积极教养课程及其在中国的社会和文化适应

Triple P – Positive Parenting Program: A Review and Implications for Its Social and Cultural Acceptability in China

基于社会学习理论的父母教养课程被普遍视为预防儿童青少年行为问题以及促进儿童身心健康的"黄金标准"。父母积极教养课程(Triple P-Positive Parenting Program)是其中的主要代表。本文介绍了Triple P的理论基础、干预体系、课程内容以及实证研究结果,分析了该课程存在的优势以及缺陷。此外,本文结合中国家庭的特点和需求,探讨了该课程运用于中国家庭时可能会遇到的挑战,同时提出了改良的方向,为家庭干预实践工作者和研究人员提供了新的视角。

The quality of parenting plays a significant role in the development of children. Positive parenting practices have been shown to result in fewer emotional and behavioral problems, as well as better academic outcomes, self-regulation, social abilities, and language development in children and adolescents. Parenting programs based on social learning models are widely recognized as the "gold standard" for improving the quality of parenting to prevent behavioral problems and promote physical and mental health in children and adolescents. To better understand this kind of parenting programs and discuss the acceptability for Chinese parents, this paper uses the Positive Parenting Program(Triple P), an evidence-based parenting program, as an exemplar. The principles and content of Triple P draw on a variety of research and theories, including social learning theories, social information processing models, the public health model, and research in child and family behavior therapy, applied behavior analysis, parenting in everyday contexts, and developmental psychopathology. Based on these research and theoretic foundations, Triple P proposes five core positive parenting principles, including having a safe, interesting environment, having a positive learning environment, using assertive discipline, having realistic expectations, and taking care of yourself as a parent, which provides parents with positive strategies to raise their children in a constructive and non-harmful way. As children have different types and intensity of dysfunctions, Triple P incorporates five levels of intervention with different tailored variants and delivery formats, which could help serve different needs and preferences of parents. Several meta-analyses and systematic reviews of Triple P suggested positive effects of Triple P on parenting practices and children’s adjustments in both short term and long term. Moreover, Triple P has also been implemented and evaluated in China, including Hong Kong and Shanghai. The results support the positive effects of Group Triple P, but for Grandparent Triple P and the Discussion Group Triple P, the effects are limited. In addition, the possible limitations of Triple P are also discussed in the paper. First, the three strategies which Triple P provides parents for building positive relationships with children may not be specific and effective enough for them to deal with conflicts with their children or other complicated parent-child communication situations. Second, the lack of strategies for dealing with emotional problems in children and adolescents might weaken the effects of Triple P on Chinese families, especially because Chinese children have a higher level of internalizing problems than their peers in Western countries. Taking into account the characteristics and needs of Chinese families, this paper also discusses the possible challenges researchers and practitioners may encounter when implementing this parenting program in the Chinese context. Considering social and cultural differences between China and Western countries, Chinese families might experience several different parenting issues, such as the involvement of grandparents in childrearing and parenting issues related to migrant and leftbehind children. We argue that future research should further explore whether Triple P could help Chinese parents deal with these problems, and further research and adaptations are needed for Triple P to better serve the needs and preferences of Chinese families.