精神分析视域下的身心观

The View of Mind-Body Relation From the Perspective of Psychoanalysis

身心关系问题是人类长期探究的重要议题。精神分析学家对身心关系具有诸多独特见解,具体表现为:身体是心理的基础,身体是心理的象征,身体与心理的交织。此三种观点不仅反映出不同精神分析学家在方法论、认识论以及本体论上的差异,也蕴含着精神分析不同流派的理论脉络。厘清精神分析视域下的身心观,既有助于自然科学心理学与人文科学心理学在精神分析中寻求一种主客交织的研究视角,也可为心理学和其他学科领域研究身心关系问题提供新的切入点。

The mind-body problem is a topic of great significance which has long been explored by human beings. The enduring interest of this topic sprouts from a concern for the life origin, as well as from the thinking of the duality of consciousness and matter. Experts in varied disciplines present different points of view on this topic. It is worth mentioning that both the mind and the body are the subjects of psychoanalysis. Thus, psychoanalysis is a good perspective to study the mind-body problem. Actually, psychoanalysts have many unique insights about the mind-body relation, among which there are three main viewpoints for specific performance: body as the base of mind, body as the symbol of mind and body interwoven with mind. According to Freud, body was the base of mind, because body played a critical role in psychoanalytic concept construction and mental development. However, the ego psychologists and the Kleinian regarded body as the symbol of mind. The ego psychoanalysts thought that mind was influenced by the body symptom, while the Kleinian thought that body influenced mind with the symbol of its function. In addition, Wilfred Bion and Donald Winnicott put it forward that body and mind were intertwined and considered body and mind as two sides of a coin. They stressed the emotion based on the body, returning to Freud in a different way.The three viewpoints not only reflect the different psychoanalysts’ differentiation on the methodology, the epistemology and the ontology, but also contain the collision of the natural science and the humanities in psychoanalysis. On the methodology, Freud, Hartmann and Klein all accepted the reductionism, all of whom wanted to find an ultimate cause for the relation of mind and body. Bion thought that the development of the mindbody was obscure, it did not follow the law of cause and effect. Therefore, it could not be simply reduced. On the epistemology, Freud was a monist while Hartmann and Klein seemed more likely to agree with dualism. On the ontology, Freud, Hartmann and Klein never considered the mindbody relation as the foundation of the psychoanalysis directly;Bion and Winnicott described the original state of the mind-body relation boldly, with which they further studied the topic on the foundation of the interwoven state of mind and body. Furthermore, the different views on psychoanalysis revealed the influence of the humanities and the natural science on the psychoanalysis, and provided a good example for resolving the dualism between the humanities and the natural science. Therefore, the mind-body viewpoints from the perspective of psychoanalysis are very important. It can not only contribute to the realization of the theoretical core of the mind-body problem in the psychoanalysis, but also conclude the differentiation of the different theory schools in psychoanalysis. It also provides novel perspectives for other branches of psychology and other fields. Furthermore, in order to improve the theory of mind-body in psychoanalysis, future research should also pay close attention to the development of different disciplines such as phenomenology of body, neurobiology, cognitive psychology and so on.