《民法典》特别法人制度立法透视

Analysis of Special Legal Person System in Civil Code

《民法典》承接《民法通则》功能主义法人分类思路,以“民族性”与“政治性”为支点,最终将法人主要分为营利法人与非营利法人,据此呈现出鲜明的“法典编纂本土化意旨”。进一步对特别法人的肯认,系对此意旨更为彻底地落实。借助特别法人入法,国家机关等承载公共职责的组织体获得了明确的私法身份,其权能虽朝着私法方向拓展,但并不会因此“遁入私法”而脱逸相关监管规则的管控,相反可为公共职责更有效率地实现供给私法助力。然因改革实践经验与立法探索经验双重欠缺,特别法人在向《民法典》融入过程中,呈现出“术语开放性与规范封闭性之悖论”与“立法法典化与解法典化之悖论”。对此当下推进中的市场经济体制改革、农村土地制度改革等诸项改革,乃是未来《民法典》特别法人制度迈向成熟的根本基础。

The Civil Code inherits the functionalist classification of legal persons in the general principles of Civil Law,and takes‘nationality’and‘political nature’as the fulcrum,and finally divides legal persons into profit-making legal persons and non-profit legal persons.Thus,it shows a distinct‘localization intention of codification’.Further recognition of the special legal person is a more thoroughly implementation of this intention.With the help of special legal person’s entry into the law,the state organs and other organizations bearing public responsibilities have obtained a clear identity of private law.Although their powers and functions expand towards the direction of private law,they shall still be put under the control of relevant regulatory rules for the sake of‘escaping into private law’.On the contrary,it can provide private law assistance for public responsibilities more efficiently.However,due to the lack of reform practice experience and legislative exploration experience,especially in the process of integrating into the civil code,there are‘the paradox between the openness of terms and the closure of norms’and‘the paradox of codification and codification’.Therefore,the reform of market economy system and rural land system shall be the fundamental basis for the maturity of the special legal person system of the Civil Code in the future.