基本法无须例外状态

The Basic Law Does not Require a State of Exception

当国家或法秩序的安全、存续遭遇重大危机时,宪法体制易滑向“例外状态”,从而为公权力采取非常措施、中止基本权利、摆脱常态法律约束提供正当性。但这一范畴在概念上玄奥,在法律上无约束,在政治上不可控,在理论上无节制,极易导致权力滥用和法治崩坏。在这一点上,德国《基本法》吸取了《魏玛宪法》的教训,以常态治安法为基础,以联邦制下的合作模式为框架,以基本权利和人性尊严保障为约束,建构了富有层次和弹性的国内紧急状态体制,避免了单一概括条款及笼统授权。不成文的国家紧急权和在宪法上承认例外状态,都易造成宪法约束力的丧失。基本法并不承认例外状态,既有规范已足以应对危急情势。

When there is a major crisis in the security and survival of the State or the legal order,the constitutional system is prone to slide into a‘state of exception’,which justifies the adoption of extraordinary measures by the public power,the suspension of fundamental rights and the escape from normal legal constraints.However,this category is conceptually abstruse,legally unbound,politically uncontrollable and theoretically unrestrained,which can easily lead to the abuse of power and the collapse of the rule of law.In this regard,the Basic Law of Germany,which has learned from the Weimar Constitution,is based on the normal law of order,with the cooperation model of the federal system as the framework and the guarantee of fundamental rights and human dignity as the constraint,and establishes a structured and flexible system of internal emergency,avoiding single general provisions and sweeping mandates.Both the unwritten right to a state of emergency and the constitutional recognition of states of exception tend to lead to the loss of constitutional binding force.Thus,the Basic Law does not recognize states of exception,and established norms are sufficient to deal with situations of necessity.