格哈德·马克斯在包豪斯陶瓷工坊的教学及影响

Gerhard Marcks’Teaching and Influence at Bauhaus Ceramic Workshop

本文以包豪斯陶瓷工坊师生教学活动及其作品为研究对象,论述了雕塑家格哈德·马克斯作为工坊形式师傅的决定性影响。在他的指导下学生更倾向于以雕塑的空间构建原则,而非器物的使用原则作为设计的出发点,以抽象化、雕塑化、模块化和"加法原则"制造出诸如"发光的庙宇""双头罐""摩卡咖啡机"等实验作品,并在系列化生产方面取得了一定的突破。在20世纪20年代普遍遵循"新艺术"和"装饰艺术"的流行趋势中,包豪斯陶瓷工坊形成一个独自探索却又具有同源性设计风格的创作团体,为德国陶瓷设计在走向现代的道路上果断地确立了一个坐标。

This paper discusses the decisive influence of the sculptor Gerhard Marks as the form master of the Bauhaus ceramic workshop,through the study of the teaching activities and their works of Bauhaus.Under his guidance,for the starting point of design,students preferred the space structure principle of sculpture,rather than the principle of use of the utensils,and therefore,experimental works such as"glowing temples","double-headed cans"and"mocha coffeemakers"were created in an abstract,sculptural,modular way with the"additive principle",and a certain breakthrough in serialization production was also achieved.In the 1920s,as the"Art Nouveau"and"Art Deco"were popular,Bauhaus formed a creative group that explored independently but had homologous design style,and established a landmark decisively for German ceramic design on the way to modernity.