国有企业与民营企业公平竞争指标体系的构建与评价

Construction and Evaluation of the Fair Competition Index System between State-owned Enterprises and Private Enterprises

为多种所有制经济创造公平竞争的市场环境,既是坚持"两个毫不动摇"的需要,也是新时代完善社会主义市场经济体制的需要。针对国有企业与民营企业之间存在不公平竞争的争论,本文以2013-2019年A股上市公司为样本,从要素获得、竞争参与两个维度构建了企业公平竞争指标体系以分析竞争环境状况。实证研究表明,无论从单个指标还是综合水平层面看,国有企业与民营企业之间均不存在"一边倒"的显著差异。利用BlinderOaxaca回归分解显示,其差异主要源于企业禀赋差异而非所有制歧视,其中企业规模、资产负债结构等企业禀赋特征贡献较大。文章认为中小微企业在要素获取、竞争参与等方面处于非常不利地位,这是由中小微企业的特质所决定的,与"所有制歧视"是无关的。由此推演出三点政策启示:真正营造公平竞争环境、持之以恒支持中小微企业发展和做强做优做大国有企业要有紧迫感。

To create a fair competition market environment for diversified ownership economy is not only the need to adhere to the"two unswervingly",but also the need to improve the socialist market economic system in the new era.In view of the argument that there is unfair competition between state-owned enterprises and private enterprises,this paper takes A-share listed companies from 2013 to 2019 as the sample,constructs the enterprise fair competition index system from two dimensions of factor acquisition and competition participation to analyze the competitive environment.The empirical study shows that there is no significant difference between state-owned enterprises and private enterprises in terms of single index or comprehensive level.The results of Blinder Oaxaca regression analysis show that the difference is mainly due to the difference of enterprise endowment rather than ownership discrimination,and the enterprise size,asset liability structure and other enterprise endowment characteristics contribute more.This paper argues that small and medium enterprises(SMEs)are in a very disadvantageous position in terms of factor acquisition and competition participation,which is determined by the characteristics of SMEs and has nothing to do with"ownership discrimination".Three policy implications are put forward:to create a fair competition environment,to persevere in supporting the development of small,medium and micro enterprises and to be strong,excellent and large state-owned enterprises should have a sense of urgency.