清前期(1636—1720)涉藏敕书语种及其演变述略

An Overview on the Languages of Imperial Edicts about the Tibet and Their Evolution in the Early Qing Dynasty(1636—1720)

现已出版发行的有关清前期档案史料集所录涉藏敕书的史料价值弥足珍贵。在清廷的涉藏事务中,因局势的变化,其敕书语种也多有变化。其过程大体可分为三个阶段:第一,自皇太极到顺治朝末年的敕书语种为蒙古文;第二,由康熙朝初年至"驱准保藏"为止的语种为"满蒙二体合璧";第三,清廷乘"驱准保藏"将敕书语种厘定为"满蒙藏三体合璧"。三体合璧一直延续至清末。清前期敕书语种的这一演变,实际上伴随了清廷将西部边疆地区逐渐纳入管辖并实现经略藏地的历史进程。

The published historical materials of Imperial Edict on Tibet in the early Qing Dynasty are of great value.In the governmental affairs of Qing regarding Tibet,because of the change of situations the languages of imperial edicts were also varied.The process can be divided into three stages.Firstly,from Huang Taiji to the end of Shunzhi period,the language of imperial edict was Mongolian.Secondly,from the early years of Kangxi period to 1720 when the policy of resisting the invasion of Dzungar Khanate and safeguarding Tibet was adopted,Manchu and Mongolian were both used at the same time.Thirdly,the Qing government changed the language of the imperial edict into the combination of Manchu,Mongolian and Tibetan in the war against the invasion of Dzungar Khanate and safeguarding Tibet.The combination of the three languages was used until the end of Qing Dynasty.In fact,the evolution of imperial edict language in the early Qing Dynasty was accompanied by the historical process of the Qing government gradually brought the western borderland under its jurisdiction and Tibet under its governance.