史诗《奥德赛》中独眼巨人故事的文化解读

Cultural Interpretations of the Story of the Cyclops in Odyssey

荷马史诗是欧洲最古老的口传文学,是透视上古希腊社会风俗、文化、宗教和心理的一扇窗口,而史诗《奥德赛》的历史和人类学价值尤其重要,其中涉及主人公奥德修斯海上历险的故事,不仅情节上引人入胜,充满奇幻的神话成分,也是民间文学的宝库.蕴含着丰富的社会文化信息。本文选择《奥德赛》中的独眼巨人故事为研究对象,分析其民间故事成分,剖析构成故事的不同成分和整体结构安排,以及近现代学术界对故事内涵的各种文化解读。结论是:独眼巨人故事吸收了大量民间故事母题和元素,而且是由两部分内容拼合而成的,其一源自古希腊神话传统中有关“黄金时代”和“高贵的野蛮人”的观念,反映了原始先民朴素的社会理想;其二源自无法无天的食人巨怪波吕斐摩斯的民间故事。近现代各种文化解读则揭示了故事中丰富的历史、文化.宗教和心理学的内涵,也反映了学术界对史诗研究的逐渐深化和观念的演进。

The Homeric epics,the oldest oral literature in Europe,opened a window through which we can get a glimpse of the social customs,culture,religion and psychology in ancient Greece.The historical and anthropological values is especially significant in Odyssey,in which,the hero’s adventure at sea is not only fascinating in plot,full of mythological elements of fantasy,but also a treasure of folklores with plenty of social and cultural information. The author chooses the story of the Cyclops as his research object,analyze the folkloric elements,the components and the overall structure of the story,and the various cultural interpretations by the authors of modern times. The conclusion is as follows: the story absorbs a lot of motifs and elements from folk tales,and is a mixture of two parts: the first is derived from the Greek mythological tradition about the golden age/nobel savage,reflecting the primitive ancestors’ simple social ideal;the second comes from the folktale about the lawless orge Polyphemus.The varied interpretations in modern times explored the rich connotations of the story in history,culture,religion and psychology,and also showed the gradual deepening of the study and the change of ideas on the Homeric epics in the academic circle.