古希腊德育中的友爱与团结之现代思索

Friendship and Solidarity in Ancient Greek Moral Formation:A Modern Reappraisal

现代的教育观偏重个人能力和思维的培育,往往忽视了生活实践中鲜活的一面。古希腊的教育核心却是性格的养成和培育,这不仅是家庭的任务,也是政治共同体中立法者所需关注之处。与柏拉图不同,亚里士多德在强调公共的善的同时也强调了个人的善或幸福。城邦与家庭一样都是人得以幸福生活的共同体,友爱将人们结合在一起构成了家庭、伙伴关系和城邦。友爱作为一种德性需要通过共同生活的经历和训练习得,而友爱的缔结和维持使得城邦保持和平和稳定。城邦中的政治友爱是其成员间达成的一致,也就是城邦中成员的团结。亚里士多德的友爱观为现代社会所需的团结提供了丰富的理论资源。

Modern education overstresses skill and knowledge,but often ignores the vivacity of praxis in our lifeworld.The core of ancient Greek education is the formation of character,which is not merely the task of families but also a concern for the legislators of political communities.Different from Plato,Aristotle emphasized both the communal good and the good or happiness of individuals.City-states and families are communities where individuals fulfill their personal happiness,friendship bounds people together into family,partnership and state.Friendship as a virtue needs to be gained by experience and practice in communal life,and the bounding and keeping of friendship maintains the peace and stability of the state.Political friendship in a city-state is the concord established among its members,contributing to solidarity of citizens of a state.Aristotle’s theory on friendship offers a rich theoretical source for solidarity which is also necessary for a modern society like ours.