古典功利主义自由观念的论说路径及内涵

The Path and Connotation of the Liberty in Classical Utilitarian

在将“功利”论证为行为之道德评价的最终标准的过程中,古典功利主义面临正义和权利观念的阻碍,于是,它把对正义的功利论还原视为首要的工作,这造成了古典功利主义在权利与善的关系问题上对自然权利学说的颠覆。正是基于对善的优先地位的坚持,古典功利主义从善出发看待自由,开启了一条与从权利出发看待自由的义务论自由观相迥异的自由论说路径。作为这一路径的逻辑结果,古典功利主义获致了一种个人主义的、体现出伯林式消极自由概念之旨趣的自由观念。

In the process of proving the utility as the ultimate criterion for the moral evaluation of actions,classical utilitarianism hindered by the discourses of justice and right(s).Therefore,it regarded reducing justice and right(s)to utility as the primary work that gave rise to the priority of good to right(s),which is contrary to the doctrine of natural rights.It is precisely based on the insistence on the priority of the good that classical utilitarianism views freedom in terms of the good.This is quite different from the obligatory conception of freedom,which views freedom from right(s).As a logical consequence of this path,classical utilitarianism acquired an individualistic and negative conception of liberty.