如何破除概念拜物教——阿多诺的理论及其启示

How to Get Rid of the Fetishism of Concept Adorno’s Theory and Its Implications

概念拜物教就是把概念的内容固化。虽然概念有客观的内容,但这种客观内容又是与主体的思考密切联系的,因此,概念的内容不能被固化。定义的方法虽然是一种科学的方法,但这种方法也不能一劳永逸地确定概念的内容,如果把它绝对化,就会导致概念拜物教。阿多诺提出了一种新的定义方法来使概念运动起来,那就是用一种内在矛盾的方式来定义概念的内容;进而阿多诺提出了用概念的星丛来揭示概念所指对象的特点,他以韦伯的资本主义分析为例来说明这种方法的特点;最后,阿多诺提出用精神经验即要在意识中通过用经验拓展概念的内容来破除概念拜物教,并特别强调经验与概念之间的联系。阿多诺对概念拜物教的批判对我们重新思考马克思主义辩证法具有重要的意义。它表明,概念必须与具体的对象、与人的肉体上的经验联系起来,我们不能脱离具体对象和经验内容而抽象地玩弄概念。

The fetishism of concept is to solidify the content of concept.Although concept has its objective content,this content cannot be solidified as it is closely related to subjective thinking.The method of definition is a kind of scientific method,but it cannot be used to define the content of concept once for all.The absolutization of this method would lead to the fetishism of concept.By using the method of internal contradiction to define the content of concept,Adorno has proposed a new method to define concept so as to make concept move.He then uses constellation of concepts to discover the characteristics of objects,taking Weber’s analysis of capitalism as an example to illustrate the characteristics of this method.Finally,Adorno uses spiritual experience to demolish the fetishism of concept by expanding the content of concept through experience in consciousness and emphasizing the relation of experience and concept.Adorno’s critique of the fetishism of concept is of great significance for us to reconsider Marxist dialectics.We cannot break away from concrete objects and experience to abstractly play with concept because concept must be related to concrete objects and corporeal experience.