冯友兰与斯宾诺莎的宗教观之比较——从爱因斯坦的宇宙宗教谈起

A Comparison of Religious Views Between Feng You-Lan and Spinoza:Discussing from Einstein’s Cosmic Religion

在把“上帝”等同于“宇宙”或“自然”这一点上,冯友兰与斯宾诺莎的宗教理论是一致的,二者都把宇宙(上帝)的存在性看作逻辑必然的。与之相比,爱因斯坦虽然也把“上帝”等同于“宇宙”,但其宇宙的存在性不是逻辑必然的,而是一个既定的事实。不仅如此,爱因斯坦把宇宙宗教与社会道德分离开来,被称为“狭义宇宙宗教”。冯友兰和斯宾诺莎的宗教理论均涉及社会道德,故而属于“广义宇宙宗教”,但二者在方法论上有着明显的区别。冯友兰倡导正方法与负方法相结合的中庸之道,斯宾诺莎则只倡导逻辑分析的正方法,而忽略了静默体验或实践修炼的负方法。这使得斯宾诺莎的“神人同一”论犯有某些逻辑错误和多少带有上帝人格化的色彩。而冯友兰的“天人合一”或“天地境界”则是一个基于大全悖论的逻辑观念和一个体现中庸之道的实践信条,完全没有上帝人格化的痕迹。

At the point of equating“God”with“Cosmos”or“Nature”,the religious theories of Feng You-Lan and Spinoza are consistent,and both of them take the existence of Cosmos(God)as logically necessary.Einstein,by contrast,although equating“God”with“Cosmos”,regards the existence of Cosmos as not logical necessary,but an established fact.In addition,Einstein detaches the social moral from religion,thus called“narrow cosmic religion”.Both the theories of Feng You-Lan and Spinoza belong in the‘broad cosmic religion’;however,they are different on methodology.Feng You-Lan advocates the doctrine of the golden mean that is the combination of positive and negative methods,while Spinoza only advocates the positive method of logical analysis and ignores the negative method that is silent experience or practical cultivation.This makes Spinoza’s theory of“identity of god and man”logically incorrect and leads to somewhat god-personalized.In comparison,Feng You-Lan’s“unity of heaven and man”or“the transcendent sphere”is a logical concept based on the paradox of big-whole,and a practical principle embodying the doctrine of golden mean,which have no god-personalized trace at all.