乡村建设视角下的乡村治理模式研究

Research on Rural Governance Model from the Perspective of Rural Construction

在乡村振兴战略大背景下,乡村建设的持续推进带动了乡村人居环境的改善,乡村治理的丰富实践开拓了乡土经济社会运行的新思路。本文以乡村建设活动中涌现出的乡村治理参与主体的组合结构与组合力量作为分类的基本依据,构建全谱系的乡村治理类型和模式,通过对13种模式所对应的典型个案进行实证分析,剖析乡村治理主体的基本特征与行为逻辑。案例表明,现阶段大多数乡村通过外力型路径达成治理目标,内生力量的匮乏导致乡村问题难以得到根本解决,也难以建立长效机制。基于对不同治理类型的路径与成本的分析,总结乡村治理模式存在的问题和发展趋势,为中国乡村治理提供可供借鉴的经验。

In the context of the implementation of rural revitalization strategy,the continuous promotion of rural construction has led to the improvement of human living environment,and the rich practice of rural governance has opened up new ideas for the operation of rural society.Rural construction and rural governance,as the key force of coordinated urban and rural development,is an important means to realize rural revitalization and maintain rural order.Taking the combination structure and combination strength of rural governance participants emerging from rural construction activities as the basic basis for classification,the typology division of rural governance models is carried out,and the types and models of rural governance of the whole genealogy are constructed.In the present governance practices,it’s mainly divided into five basic types:administrative leading,collective leading,social leading,market-oriented,cooperation governance model,and can be refined into 13 kinds of dominant model:the government leading model,stateowned enterprises leading model,collective leading model,community enterprises model,planners and architects intervention model,scholars implant model,religious institutions leading model,comprehensive enterprise leading model,business enterprise leading model,collaborative governance model,linkage governance model,common governance model and public-private partnerships governance model.Through the empirical explanation of 13 typical cases corresponding to the models,combined with the background,process and key links of the cases,this paper analyzes the participation purpose and behavior characteristics of rural governance subjects.From the background of the cases,they are mainly based on the need of rural industry construction,the need of cultural heritage protection,the need to solve the original idle rural land,can be adapted to the downward trend of governance as the realistic background of governance.From the process of planning,construction and management in the cases,they reflect the different characteristics.The first one is integration of planning,construction and management,the second one is complete separation of planning,construction and management,the third one is separation of planning-construction and management,and the last one is separation of planning and construction-management.From the characteristics of the main body of the cases,the government,enterprises,the village collective,villagers and NGOs are basically involved in the governance process.The confidence and determination of the government become the necessary conditions for the continuous implementation of construction and governance.The proper abandonment of the interests of enterprises leads to multi-win cooperation.The ability of village collective cadres to mobilize resources greatly affects the effectiveness of governance.As the direct beneficiaries of governance,villagers are often in a passive situation in the process of governance from the perspective of construction.The participation of NGOs has coordinated the interests of all parties inside and outside the village,and become an effective promoter of construction and governance.From the perspective of the behavior of the subject of the cases,the diversity of approaches to rural governance has become an important feature.In the past,it has been expanded in the way of transformation of physical space,supplemented by life and community spirit guidance,capital and management concept,planning and policy introduction,etc.,which tends to focus on the whole life cycle of rural planning,construction,operation and management.Different models of rural governance are based on different characteristics,which are applicable to developed areas,urban villages,traditional villages,historical and cultural villages,religious villages and other different types of villages.The behavioral characteristics of rural construction and governance subjects are shown in the form of rapid promotion,uniform promotion and slow improvement of governance speed,and the emergence of a new governance form of micro-transformation,which gradually emphasizes that the subject behavior should conform to the law of rural governance.The cases show that at present,most villages achieve the governance goals through the external force approach,and the lack of internal forces leads to the difficulty in treating both the symptoms and root causes of rural problems and establishing long-term mechanism.Based on the analysis of the paths and costs of different governance types,it is found that there are many problems in China's rural governance models,such as frequent changes in governance subjects,frequent changes in governance policies and excessive intervention by administrative forces,which result in the increasingly intensive state of rural governance internalization.Therefore,the construction of regional,appropriate,innovative and independent rural governance model should become the development trend in the future,so as to provide references for China's rural governance.