乡村旅游利益分配的村民公平感知研究:不同发展模式下的比较

A Study on Villagers’ Justice Perception towards Allocation of Profit from Rural Tourism Development:A Comparison of Different Development Models

乡村振兴的实质在于提升村民福祉。作为乡村振兴的重要途径,多年来的乡村旅游发展实践逐渐形成了多类型的发展模式,也相应地衍生出了多样化的利益分配方式,进而影响了村民在乡村旅游发展中的获得感。从公平感知的角度,通过对奉化市Y村和T村的问卷调查和深度访谈,在独立样本T检验和线性回归等数据分析的基础上,比较了不同发展和利益分配模式下村民公平感知的差异。研究结果表明:村民重视公平感知的三大维度,但对其中的分配公平和程序公平更为看重;内生式的旅游发展模式比外源式更容易让村民感到公平;自发式的旅游参与相比集体经济的二次分配并不能提升村民的公平感知;惠及个体的利益分配模式让村民更有获得感;在不同模式下村民的公平感知对旅游支持态度的影响不同。文章为更好地选择适合的开发模式,提升村民的公平感,推动乡村旅游发展提供了理论支撑。

The essence of Rural Revitalization is to improve the well-being of villagers. As an important way of rural revitalization, the practice of rural tourism development over the years has gradually formed multiple types of development models, and accordingly derived a variety of ways of interest distribution, which has affected the villagers’ sense of acquisition in the development of rural tourism. From the perspective of justice perception, through questionnaire survey with Y village and T Village in Fenghua City, based on independent sample T-test and linear regression data analysis, this paper compares the differences of villagers’ justice perception under different development and benefit distribution models. The results show that, compared with the endogenous tourism development model, the exogenous tourism development model is more likely to cause the villagers’ sense of injustice. Villagers have doubts about the development model of rural tourism involving foreign capital, and the recognition and support are not as good as the collective development model or the independent development model of villagers. The root of this concern lies in the uncertainty of the justice of distribution. Therefore, when the village collective or villagers have strong economic strength, the endogenous development model is more suitable for the development of rural tourism. When developing with the help of external forces, the procedural justice and distribution justice of external capital to villagers in the development process are particularly important. Secondly, the study also found that part of the self-developed tourism participation did not improve the villagers’ sense of justice compared with the secondary distribution of the collective economy;in addition, the benefit distribution model of the individual makes the villagers feel better. The main reason is that after the development of tourism, the improvement of rural environment, health care,ecological optimization, cultural heritage and other public social and environmental benefits are more important for the individual villagers, and the villagers won’t be satisfied, if they do not stimulate the villagers’ support and participation in rural tourism. Therefore, in order to encourage the villagers to support the development of local rural tourism, we need to let them have direct individual benefits. Finally, it is found that for the villagers, the justice perception of distribution and procedure is more important than that of interaction. Therefore, we should be more careful in choosing and adopting the pattern of tourism development and benefit distribution. On the one hand, we can consider from the source, through the establishment of a reasonable development compensation mechanism, we can compensate the land, housing and other villagers’ input, and improve the villagers’ perception of justice distribution;on the other hand, we should establish a comprehensive, long-term and sustainable distribution model, and output the interests of villagers from employment, pension, welfare, medical care and other aspects;Avoid simple one-time compensation, let the villagers benefit from the development of local tourism in the long term by means of equity, creditor’s rights, dividends, etc;In the process of decision-making, it also needs to be more open and transparent, so that the villagers can understand the process of tourism development, so as to improve the villagers’ perception of procedural justice.