生物炭与化肥混合对氨挥发和磷固定的影响

Effect of Biochar and Chemical Fertilizer Mixture on Ammonia Volatilization and Phosphorus Fixation

为探究生物炭化肥的加合作用,利用烟沫(YM)和酒糟(JZ)这2种工业废弃物及农业废弃物玉米秸秆(JG)为原材料制成生物炭,同时将烟沫生物炭进行改性制成烟沫改性生物炭(M-YM),采用培养实验的方法,研究4种生物炭分别在不同化肥配比下,在一定时间内氨挥发和磷固定的规律,以期为生物炭的农业利用提供科学依据.结果表明:①4种生物炭与不同化肥配比下氨的累积挥发量和挥发率表现为A1>A2>A3(A1:2.25 g尿素;A2:2.25 g尿素+2.25 g氯化钾;A3:2.25 g尿素+2.25 g磷酸二氢钾),尿素中添加氯化钾与磷酸二氢钾减少了氨挥发,不同生物炭在所有化肥配比下氨累积挥发量和挥发率均表现为JZ>M-YM>YM>JG;②4种生物炭在B1、B2和B3(B1:0.4 g磷酸二氢钾;B2:0.4 g磷酸二氢钾+0.3 g尿素;B3:0.4 g磷酸二氢钾+0.3 g氯化钾)处理下磷的固定量均先增加后减小,随后在培养的第30~60 d所有处理的磷固定量随时间变化不明显,4种生物炭对磷的固定率均在B1处理时最大,在B1、B2和B3化肥配比下,4种生物炭对磷的固定率大小顺序均为M-YM>YM>JG>JZ.因此,在农业施肥中为降低氮肥中氨的挥发可在尿素中添加氯化钾和磷酸二氢钾,同时在磷的固定方面,可考虑增大生物炭的粒径以减弱其对磷的固定能力.

In order to explore biochar fertilizer addition,two types of industrial wastes(YM)and lees(JZ)and agricultural waste corn stover(JG)were used as the raw materials to make biochar,and the biochar was modified to make smoke-modified biochar(M-YM).The culture test method was used to study the law of ammonia volatilization and phosphorus fixation over a certain period of time with the different fertilizer ratios of the four biochars.We aimed to provide a scientific basis for the agricultural utilization of biochar.The results show that:①The cumulative volatilization and volatilization rate of ammonia of the four kinds of biochar with different fertilizer ratios were as follows:A1>A2>A3(A1:2.25 g urea;A2:2.25g urea+2.25 g chlorination potassium;A3:2.25 g urea+2.25 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate).The addition of potassium chloride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate in urea reduced ammonia volatilization,and the cumulative ammonia volatilization and volatilization rate of different biochars under all chemical fertilizer ratios was JZ>M-YM>YM>JG;②The amount of phosphorus by biochars fixation under the B1,B2,and B3 treatments(B1:0.4 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate;B2:0.4 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate+0.3 g urea;B3:0.4 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate+0.3 g potassium chloride)all increased and then decreased.Then,the fixation amount of phosphorus not significantly changed in period from 30th to 60th day.Among four biochar,the fixation rate of phosphorus was the highest under the B1 treatment.With the ratios of B1,B2,and B3 fertilizers,the order of the fixation rate of the four biochars to phosphorus was:M-YM>YM>JG>JZ.Therefore,in order to reduce the volatilization of ammonia in nitrogen fertilizers in agricultural fertilization,potassium chloride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be added to urea.At the same time,in the fixation of phosphorus,increasing the particle size of biochar may weaken the phosphorous fixation ability.