俄罗斯文学和历史文献中的“看东方”

Reading Notes on “Looking East” in Russian History and Literature

目前的文献尚不能提供古斯拉夫人多神教神话中具有比较完整的东方崇拜的可靠材料。12世纪的《往年纪事》表明,在俄罗斯人接受基督教之后,已然形成了包括东方在内的半神话半实在的"全世界观"。"东方"在接受东正教之后的古罗斯乃是吉祥之地。12世纪丹尼尔的《游记》和15世纪阿法那西·尼基金《游三海》叙述了俄罗斯人直接观照东方的经验。近代以来,塔吉谢夫的俄罗斯史著作借助转述古希腊的文献进行间接的东方观;外交人员、东正教人士的文书信报告具体描绘了他们所观察到的东方。19世纪以来卡拉姆津的《俄罗斯国家史》提供了有关东方的信息,俄罗斯精英分子的浪漫主义作品折射出了东方元素,托尔斯泰则在克服精神危机后以东方的古贤来佐证自己的觉悟。在20世纪和21世纪的文学作品中作家们展开了东方想象。俄罗斯人观照东方的不同视角与其观念有关,其中"俯视者"应该是受到了"莫斯科—第三罗马"说余绪的影响。

The present literature does not provide reliable materials of eastern worship in the mythology of Paganism of the Ancient Slavs. Primary Chronicle, written in the 12 th century, shows that after the Russians accepted Christianity, they had already formed a half-mythological and half-realistic "whole world view" including the East.After the acceptance of the Eastern Orthodoxy, the East has been an auspicious place for the ancient Russia. The Pilgrimage, written by Daniel in the 12 th century, and The Walking across the Three Seas, written by Athanasius Nitikin in the 15 th century, both are account of the Russian experience of looking directly at the East. In modern times, Tatishev’s Russian history works used the ancient Greek literature as an indirect view of the East.The letters of diplomats and Orthodox Christians described in detail what they saw in the East.Since the 19 th century, Karamzin’s The History of the Russian State has expanded the information about the East. The romantic works of the Russian elite reflect the elements of the East. Tolstoy, after overcoming the spiritual crisis, uses the ancient eastern sages to prove his awareness.In the literature of the 20 th and 21 st centuries writers have developed an Oriental imagination.The different perspectives of Russians’ view of the East are related to their ideas, among which the "top man" is probably influenced by the "Moscow-Third Rome" theory.