性骚扰是性别歧视吗:一个法理的追问

Is Sexual Harassment Sex Discrimination? An Inquiry from the Perspective of Jurisprudence

在美国的法律制度框架下,职场性骚扰属于1964年《民权法案》第七章所禁止的性别歧视行为。从规范法学的角度看,法院一开始并不接受性别歧视学说,后来因为逐步认定了性骚扰必然会涉及对受害人性别的选择这一事实,所以认为性骚扰属于性别歧视范畴。从法理学的角度,以麦金农等为代表的女性主义法学家建构了性与性别霸权的关系。同时,学者们认为司法上性骚扰的认定出现了"性欲主导模式",既存在规制过窄的问题,对无关乎"性"的性别骚扰过于忽视;又有规制过度的问题,反性骚扰话语与科层制反"性"管理话语相结合,对职场进行了过度管制。因此,有一种学说希望把性骚扰建构为维持性别刻板的工具。对于性骚扰到底错在哪里的追问,可以让我们反思侵权法模式与反歧视模式法的利弊得失。

Under the framework of American legal system,sexual harassment in the workplace is sex discrimination prohibited by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. From the perspective of legal formalism,the court did not accept the theory of sex discrimination at the beginning. Later,through the interpretation of "but for",it was determined that sexual harassment inevitably involves the choice of the victim’s sex,so it belongs to sex discrimination. From the perspective of jurisprudence,radical feminist theory constructs the relationship between sex and sexism. At the same time,scholars believe that there is a"sexual-dominance paradig"in the judicial identification of sexual harassment. There are not only too narrow regulation,too little attention to gender harassment that is not related to "sex",but also too broad regulation. The combination of anti sexual harassment discourse and bureaucratic management discourse of anti sex has over regulated the workplace. Therefore,there is a theory that wants to construct sexual harassment as a tool to maintain gender stereotypes. The inquiry of what’s wrong with sexual harassment can help us to reflect on the advantages and disadvantages of tort law model and anti-discrimination law model.