东魏北齐特进考

A Study of the Special Promotion in the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi Dynasties

东魏北齐国家沿续北魏的做法,继续设置特进职官。这一职官仍为二品级的荣誉官,且可作为任职官员的加官除授,也能比照执事官除授,但加授特进的执事官的品级,一般不能低于三品级。特进职官还能够转任为执事官,或其他的荣誉官。由特进转任的执事官的品级要低于原来的品级,但由特进转任的其他执事官,则高于原来的品级。东魏北齐国家实行以任职官员具有的“功德”作为授任特进的依据,因而使任职特进的群体受“亲贵”身份条件的约束明显减弱。特进职官具有的这些特征,为这一职官向散官转化创造了条件。隋文帝推行官制改革,实行散官制,从而就使得特进成为居于散官序列之首的职官。

Following the practice of the Northern Wei Dynasty,the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi dynasties continued to set up the special promotion officials.This post is still a second grade honorary officer,generally not lower than the third grade.In the Eastern Wei Dynasty and Northern Qi Dynasty,the“merit”of the officials was taken as the basis for granting special promotion,which weakened the restriction of the“Pro noble”status.These characteristics of the specially promoted officials created conditions for the transformation of this official to the sinecure.Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty carried out the reform of the official system and practiced the system of sinecure,which made the special promotion to be the first official in the sequence of the sinecure.