明清制度变迁对西南地区族类分际的影响——以云南巍山“土家”为中心的研究

The Influence of the Transition of the Law System in Ming and Qing Dynasties on the Classification of Ethnic Groups in Southwestern China——A Case Study of Tujia People in Weishan County,Yunnan Province

在讨论制度变迁对族类分际影响的基础上,探求云南巍山境内"土家"的历史渊源,发现"土家"与坝区"本地汉人"、山区"客家"分别对应着彝族、坝区汉族和山区汉族。这种对应关系是以下因素叠加的结果:明代的里甲编户、卫所军户经历清朝卫所归并而保留里甲编户、屯所分别管理,垦荒移民在山区租佃土地形成的经济依附关系和清朝中期允许垦荒移民附籍后的族类关系,卫所军户后裔在清代强调自身与里甲编户的身份差异。这一发现对推进民族史研究理论和方法创新具有学术意义。

Based on analyzing the influence of the law system on the classification of ethnic groups,this paper explores the historical origin of Tujia People in Weishan County,Yunnan Province.It is found that the Tujia people,the local Han living in the valley and the upland Hakka people were closely related,corresponding to the Yi people,the valley Han people and the upland Han people respectively.This correspondence was the result of four historical factors:1,The grassroots social management and military service system in Ming Dynasty were respectively under the management of a new set of governance system in Qing Dynasty;2,The land tenancy relation was formed between refuges and the landlord in the mountainous areas;3,Ethnic relations changed in the Yi areas after the mid Qing Dynasty;4,The descendants of soldier families in Qing Dynasty emphasized their differences between civilians.The finding is of academic significance in promoting the innovation of research theory and method in ethnic history.