童年创伤对成年早期心理弹性的影响及动态调节机制:4年追踪研究

Effects of childhood trauma on resilience in early adulthood and its dynamic regulatory mechanisms: a four-year follow-up study

目的揭示童年创伤对成年早期心理弹性的可能影响,进一步探索潜在的中介及动态调节机制。方法于2016年10月(T1)开始,至2019年10月(T4)对某军校大学本科生开展为期四年的问卷跟踪调查。每年进行问卷测评,测评工具包括儿童期创伤问卷、心理弹性量表、自我描述问卷、认知灵活性问卷、艾森克人格问卷、一般自我效能量感表、社会支持量表、应付方式问卷、青少年生活事件自评量表、贝克抑郁量表,对问卷得分进行相关、回归、结构方程模型分析。T1共有510名大学生参与调查,其中433名参与了4年跟踪调查。结果 (1)童年创伤与个体4年心理弹性得分均为显著负相关(r=-0.36~-0.12,P<0.05)。(2)童年创伤、抑郁、外向性、积极自我描述、自我效能感和认知灵活性得分对心理弹性得分存在预测作用(β=-0.22~0.34,P<0.05)。(3)童年创伤总分对心理弹性有直接负向预测作用(β=-0.12,P<0.001),以及通过外向性、解决问题、积极自我描述、自我效能感和认知灵活性的间接作用(效应值为-0.41,P<0.001)。(4)童年创伤总分通过T1直接作用以及T2~T4的完全中介作用,T1~T4的延时中介作用稳定负向影响心理弹性得分(效应值为-0.11~-0.05,P<0.05)。(5)抑郁得分在童年创伤对心理弹性的综合模型、T3即时模型中存在调节作用(Δχ^(2)=36.45~23.58,ΔP<0.01)。结论童年创伤负向预测成年早期心理弹性,外向性、解决问题、积极自我描述、自我效能感、认知灵活性、抑郁在童年创伤和成年早期心理弹性之间起综合中介、调节作用,生活事件应激量、社会支持对心理弹性的影响具有即时、延时的时间特征。

Objective To reveal the possible effects of childhood trauma on resilience in early adulthood and explore its mediating and moderating mechanisms. Methods A series of follow-up questionnaire surveys were conducted in 4 consecutive years from October 2016(T1) to October 2019(T4) among the undergraduates of a military university. The evaluation tools included Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Self-Description Scale, Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Social-Support Scale, Coping Style Questionnaire, Adolescent Self-Rating Life-events Checklist, and Beck Depression Inventory. The questionnaire scores were analyzed using correlation, regression and structural equation model. A total of 510 college students participated in the survey at T1, and 433 of them finished the whole 4-year investigation. Results(1) Childhood trauma were negatively correlated with the resilience scores of the 4 successive years(r=-0.36~-0.12, P<0.05).(2) Regression analysis showed that childhood trauma, depression, extroversion, positive self-description, self-efficacy and cognitive flexibility played predictive roles in the resilience score(β=-0.22~0.34, P<0.05).(3)The total score of childhood trauma presented a direct negative predictive effect on resilience(β=-0.12, P<0.001), and indirectly predicted resilience through mediators of extroversion, problem solving, positive self-description, self-efficacy and cognitive flexibility(indirect effect value-0.41, P<0.001).(4)The total score of childhood trauma exerted a stable negative effect on the score of resilience during T1, and a complete mediating effect during T2 and T4, and the delayed mediating effect during T1 and T4 stably affected the score of resilience in a negative model(effect value:-0.11~-0.05, P<0.05).(5) Depression score had moderating effects in the comprehensive model as well as in the T3 instant model(Δχ^(2)=36.45~23.58, ΔP<0.01). Conclusion The total score of childhood trauma shows direct and negative predictive effect on the early-adulthood resilience, and has a continuously negative prediction through a mediation-moderate mechanism. The impacts of life events stress, as well as social support on resilience, have the characteristics of immediate and delayed time.