蒙汉不同民族小儿变应性疾病的发病及影响因素分析

An analysis of the occurrence and influencing factors of pediatric allergic diseases in the children of the Mongolian nationality and the Han nationality

目的探讨蒙古族和汉族小儿变应性疾病的主要过敏原及其在不同民族间存在的差异,为临床诊疗及疾病防治提供科学依据。方法选取2016年1月至2019年12月在内蒙古自治区人民医院、国际蒙医医院和锡林郭勒盟蒙医医院就诊的0~15岁变应性疾病患儿1350例为研究对象,蒙古族600例,汉族750例,采用德国MEDIWISS“敏筛”定量过敏原检测系统对所有患儿进行总IgE及常见吸入性变应原和食物性变应原血清特异性IgE检测,比较不同变应原在蒙古族和汉族小儿变应性疾病中的差异。结果①蒙古族小儿变应性疾病总IgE阳性率为80.3%(482/600),汉族小儿变应性疾病总IgE阳性率为71.5%(536/750),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两民族间不同年龄、居住地变应性疾病患病率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),不同性别患病率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);②蒙古族小儿变应性疾病构成比由高到低为变应性鼻炎(22.17%)、支气管哮喘(19.83%)、湿疹(17.33%)、荨麻疹(14.67%)、特发性皮炎(11.83%)、过敏性肠炎(8.34%)、过敏性紫癜(5.83%);汉族小儿变应性疾病构成比由高到低为变应性鼻炎(23.74%)、湿疹(16.13%)、支气管哮喘(15.33%)、荨麻疹(14.54%)、特发性皮炎(12.53%)、过敏性肠炎(9.73%)、过敏性紫癜(8.00%);③蒙古族和汉族小儿变应性疾病过敏原中,猫/狗毛皮屑、蟑螂、蒿草类、柏/榆/柳树类、鸡蛋白、牛奶、牛/羊肉、虾/贝/蟹、腰果/花生、芒果过敏阳性率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),户尘螨、屋尘、霉菌、菠萝阳性率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论蒙古族和汉族儿童由于受居住环境、饮食结构、遗传因素等影响,小儿变应性疾病的发病率存在一定差异,且两组患者各自的变应原种类及阳性率亦有不同。

Objective To explore the main allergens of pediatric allergic diseases in the children of the Mongolian nationality and the Han nationality and the differences among different nationalities,so as to provide scientific basis for clinical diagnosis,treatment and disease prevention.Methods A total of 1350 children with allergic diseases aged 0 to 15 in the Inner Mongolia Hospital,International Mongolian Medical Hospital and Xilingol League Mongolian Medicine Hospital from January 2016 to December 2019 were selected as the subjects of research,among whom 600 were of the Mongolian nationality and 750 were of the Han nationality.The German MEDIWISS quantitative allergen detection system was used to detect the total IgE and the serum specific IgE of common inhaled allergens and food allergens in all children,and the differences of varied allergens in the pediatric allergic diseases of the children of the Mongolian nationality and the Han nationality were compared.Results①The total IgE positive rate of pediatric allergic diseases of the children of the Mongolian nationality was 80.3%(482/600),and that of the children of the Han nationality was 71.5%(536/750),with statistically significant difference between the two rates(P<0.05).There were statistically significant differences in the prevalence of allergic diseases between the two nationalities in the case of different ages and places of residence(P<0.05),but there was no statistically significant difference in the case of different genders(P>0.05).②The constituent ratio of pediatric allergic diseases in the children of the Mongolian nationality was as follows(in an order from high to low):allergic rhinitis(22.17%),bronchial asthma(19.83%),eczema(17.33%),urticaria(14.67%),idiopathic dermatitis(11.83%),allergic enteritis(8.34%)and allergic purpura(5.83%);that in the children of the Han nationality was as follows(in an order from high to low):allergic rhinitis(23.74%),eczema(16.13%),bronchial asthma(15.33%),urticaria(14.54%),idiopathic dermatitis(12.53%),allergic enteritis(9.73%)and allergic purpura(8.00%).③Among the allergens of pediatric allergic diseases in the children of the Mongolian nationality and the Han nationality,the differences of positive rates of those allergens were all statistically significant such as cat/dog epithelium,cockroach,wormwood,cypress/elm/willow,egg white,milk,beef/mutton,shrimp/shellfish/crab,cashew nut/peanut and mango(P<0.05),while the differences of positive rates of those allergens were all statistically insignificant such as house dust mite,house dust,mold and pineapple(P>0.05).Conclusion Due to the influence of living environment,diet structure and genetic factors,etc.,the incidence of pediatric allergic diseases is different between the children of the Mongolian nationality and those of the Han nationality,and the allergen types and positive rates are also different between the two groups of patients.