科技法律责任的特性与制度优化

The Characteristics and Systematic Optimization of Scientific and Technological Legal Liability

科学技术在为人类社会带来便利的同时也带来了许多科技风险。在风险社会中完善的科技法律责任对科技社会法律治理、科技法律体系化建设、传统法律责任体系突破、科技强国建设以及科学技术标准化发展都具有重要意义。通过对中国现有主要科技基本法律文本的分析,可以看出中国现行科技法律责任体现为三大传统法律责任的综合,且其中行政法律责任占据主导地位。风险社会,行政法律责任主导的科技法律责任制度并不足以有效应对科学技术活动过程中产生的科技风险,致使无法实现科技活动的有效法律治理。为此,建议转变传统的行政法规制的科技立法理念,引入私法自治理念,加强科研人员权利保障。与此同时,为全面促进科学技术活动中的科技法律责任制度建设,建议在科技研发、成果转化以及成果应用等各个阶段严格遵循技术标准化和专利许可的控制策略,以对风险社会中的科技法律责任进行补充和完善,从而实现科技法所具有的调整科技活动的根本价值目标。

While technology brings convenience to human society,it also many risks.In risk society,the improve⁃ment of science and technology legal liability is of great significance for the legal governance of the science and technology,the construction of a science and technology legal system,the breakthrough of the traditional legal lia⁃bility system,the construction of a strong science and technology country,and the development of science and technology standardization.Based on the analysis of the existing primary legal texts of science and technology,it can be seen that the current legal responsibility of science and technology is the integration of the traditional three kinds of legal responsibility,which is far from enough.In the current legal responsibility system of science and technology,administrative legal responsibility dominates and cannot deal with the science and technology risks and achieve its legal governance.This paper suggests changing the concept of administrative regulation of science and technology to private law autonomy in order to strengthenthe protection of the rights of scientific re⁃search personnel.Meanwhile,for comprehensively strengthening the construction of the legal responsibility sys⁃tem for science and technology in the process of scientific and technological activities,this paper suggests the control strategies of technology standardization and patent licensing at every stage of scientific research and de⁃velopment,transformation and application of achievements to supplement and improve the legal responsibility of science and technology in risk society.This would achieve the fundamental value objective of adjusting science and technology activities possessed by science and technology law.