多利益攸关方参与全球气候治理:进程、动因与路径选择

Multi⁃stakeholders’Participation in Global Climate Governance:Process,Motivations and Path Selection

多利益攸关方是弥补《巴黎协定》达成后主权国家治理赤字和打破集体行动困境的关键要素,它们长期参与全球气候谈判与治理且实现了自身的数量增长和身份转换。多利益攸关方的影响路径主要体现为气候治理多维“软权力”、谈判议题内容设置与调整。究其发展动因,不仅是气候治理体系碎片化带来的谈判参与政治空间扩大化,而且是全面提升气候治理行动的重要选择,更是联合国“零排放竞赛”等重塑气候治理权威的需要。然而,多利益攸关方在参与全球气候治理进程中依然存在价值诉求差异、代表非均衡性、独立性较弱等种种局限。为此,需要推动“自上而下”的联合国管理制度以实现多利益攸关方对于气候治理的有序参与,同时以“自下而上”的最小化多边主义路径实现气候治理的有效参与,并突出多利益攸关方在气候治理体系规则中的独立地位。

Multi⁃stakeholder is a key element to make up for the deficit of the sovereign state⁃centric governance in the“Post⁃Paris”era and break the dilemma of collective action.Throughout the participation of multi⁃stake⁃holders in the global climate negotiation and governance process,the number of stakeholders has been increased and their status has been changed.The ways of influence that stakeholders make impacts are mainly embodied in the multi⁃dimensional“soft power”and agenda setting and adjustment in the negotiations.The extensive partici⁃pation of multi⁃stakeholders is not only the result of the expansion of negotiation and participation space brought about by the fragmentation of the climate governance system,but also an important manifestation of the“New Track”of climate governance that the United States has opened after withdrawing from the Paris Agreement and the need for the United Nations to reshape its climate governance authority.However,in the process of multi⁃stakeholder participation in global climate governance,there are still limitations,such as differences in values and demands,unbalanced representation,and weak independence.In order to reduce these limitations,we need to promote the United Nations’“top⁃down”management system to achieve orderly participation,use minimalist multilateralism's“bottom⁃up”approach to reach effective participation,and enhance the independent status of multi⁃stakeholders in the climate negotiation rules system.