世界卫生组织在全球卫生治理中的中心地位及其面临的挑战分析

The Central Position and Challenges of World Health Organization in Global Health Governance

世界卫生组织作为在全球卫生治理领域最具有权威性与普遍性的机构,在促进全球卫生治理方面在不同时期、不同程度上发挥了引领者、协调人、保证人和信息中心的作用,总的来说,具有中心地位。通过考察在非典疫情、埃博拉疫情和新冠肺炎疫情中世界卫生组织的应对和贡献,可以看到该组织在全球卫生治理中的重要作用,也可以了解世界卫生组织在资源、权威方面的有限性,以及影响其运作成效的制约因素。尽管全球卫生治理在传统意义上属于“低级政治”领域,但疫情自身的特点、各国的政治体制和社会文化,以及各国的现实利益考量和大国间的政治博弈,都是影响世界卫生组织在全球卫生治理过程中的中心地位的重要因素,其中,利益考量和大国间的政治博弈是主要因素。世界卫生组织在全球卫生治理中的地位,根本上取决于中国、美国等主要行为体的政策及其互动。

As the most authoritative and universal organization in the field of global health governance,World Health Organization(WHO)has played the role of leader,coordinator,guarantor and information center in promoting global health governance over times.Generally speaking,it has the central position in global health governance.Through the investigation of WHO response and contribution in the SARS,Ebola and Covid⁃19,we witness the significance of WHO in global health governance,but at the same time we also need to be aware of the resources and authority limitations of WHO,as well as the constraints affecting the effectiveness of WHO’s operation.Although global health governance traditionally belongs to the field of“low politics”,the characteristics of the epidemic in nature,the political system and social culture of each country,as well as the consideration of the national interests of each country and the political game among great powers,are all important factors affecting the status of World Health Organization in global health gov⁃ernance.More specifically,the central position of WHO in global health governance is fundamentally deter⁃mined by the policies and interactions of key actors such as China and the United States.