论情境分析法在医学考古学中的应用——以先秦时期为例

On the Application of“Context Analysis”in the Medical Archaeology:Taking the Pre-Qin Period as an Example

在医学考古学研究中,古代实物资料的医学遗存认知无疑是最基础和重要的环节。而情境分析法可作为判定医学遗存的有益途径。本文尝试分析情境分析法在先秦医学考古学研究中的应用。认为先秦的工具并未严格分化,而同式器物可能具有不同的用途,充分考虑遗存所在的特定历史情境,并与情境内各种因素关联进行分析,从而使碎片化的遗存得以整合变得系统化。鉴于先秦时期巫师在当时驱除病魔活动中的特殊地位,判定墓葬中的医学遗存时,除了关注遗存的形态特征并结合史料予以考证外,考察墓主是否为巫师或类似身份,为值得重视的要素。具有相同或相近自然环境和文化系统的区域,通常拥有相似的典型医具。将情境分析理念融入考古发掘与研究过程,有助于实现对出土物性质的科学判断。

In the study of medical archaeology,the cognition of medical remains of ancient material objects is undoubtedly the most basic and important link.The application of“context analysis”can be used as a useful way to judge medical remains.This paper attempts to analyze and discuss the application of“context analysis”in the study of medical archaeology in the pre-Qin period.It is believed that the tools in the pre-Qin period are not strictly differentiated,and the same objects may have different uses.By fully considering the specific historical situation where the remains are located,and analyzing the relationship with various factors in the situation,this paper aims to integrate and systematize the fragmented remains.In view of the special status of witches in the activities of exorcism in the pre-Qin period,in addition to paying attention to the morphological characteristics of the remains and considering the historical materials,it is important to investigate whether the tomb owner is a wizard or with a similar identity in judging the medical remains in tombs.Areas with the same or similar natural environment and cultural system usually have similar typical medical tools.Integrating the concept of“context analysis”into the process of archaeological excavation and research is helpful to realize the scientific judgment of the nature of unearthed objects.