组织动员、治理体系与社会导引:中国贫困公共治理中的话语效应

Organization Mobilization,Governance System and Social Guidance:Discourse Effects in Public Governance of Poverty in China

梳理中国减贫治理发展过程,发现不同的阶段反贫困公共治理均通过相应的政治话语的组织嵌入来进行体制动员和外溢性社会导引,进而形成复合性的贫困公共治理模式。改革开放以来,中国贫困公共治理体系经历了三个主要阶段:2000年前的特征为“贫穷不是社会主义”和“共同富裕”话语引领下的初步形成中国特色的综合性的治理框架;2001—2013年间经过“全面建设小康社会”和“和谐社会”话语动员形成经济政策与社会政策二维并行的贫困公共治理体系;2014—2020年间在“小康路上一个也不掉队”“社会主义本质要求”等话语动员下形成统揽性的扶贫公共治理范式。反贫困话语体系在政府体制和社会的嵌入形成的组织动员和社会动员效应是中国贫困公共治理成功的重要原因之一。话语体系从不同方面影响公共治理体系,话语体系治理也是公共治理的重要内容。具体来讲,反贫困话语体系从四个方面影响贫困公共治理模式:促进国家政治意识和行动的统一,表达治理目标和传递治理信息,润滑治理结构和弱化科层局限,发挥凝聚社会共识和调度社会资源等作用。话语体系的影响本质上也促进了贫困公共治理的模式创新。中国未来相对贫困治理不仅面临着建立治理模式的议题,也存在着话语贫困的困境。可以围绕“人民至上”“共享发展”“人类命运共同体”等政治和社会话语体系引导未来相对贫困公共治理的发展方向。

China has made great achievements in poverty reduction.By reviewing the development process of China’s poverty reduction,it is found that the poverty reduction at different stages was achieved by embedding political discourse into organizations to provide mobilization and social guidance,which can form a complex mode of poverty public governance.Since the reform and opening up,China’s public governance of poverty has experienced three main stages:before 2000,it was characterized by the initial formation of a Chinese comprehensive public governance framework of poverty under the discourses of“Poverty is not socialism”and“Common Prosperity”;from 2001 to 2013,economic policies and social policies were formed through the discourse mobilization of“Building a Well-off Society in an All-round Way”and“Harmonious Society”;from 2014 to 2020,a comprehensive public governance mode for poverty alleviation was formed under the mobilization of“No one is left behind on the road to a well-off society”and“the Essential Requirements of Socialism”.The anti-poverty discourse system was embedded into government system and society to generate the effects of organization and mobilization,which is one of the important reasons for the success of China’s public governance of poverty.The discourse system affects the public governance system from different aspects,and the governance of the discourse system is also an important content of public governance.Specifically,the anti-poverty discourse system affects the public governance paradigm of poverty from four aspects:promoting the unity of national political consciousness and action,expressing governance objectives and transmitting governance information,lubricating governance structure and weakening bureaucratic limitations,playing a role in building social consensus and scheduling social resources.The mode innovation of poverty public governance is essentially promoted by the discourse system.The governance of relative poverty will not only face the difficulty of establishing a governance mode,but also the governance dilemma of discourse poverty.Political discourse systems,such as“People First”,“Shareable Development”,and“A Community with a Shared Future for Mankind”,can guide the public governance of relative poverty in the future.