财产犯罪中存款归属的认定

The Identification of Deposit Ownership in Property Crime

随着数字货币时代的来临,存款的流通性逐渐增强。若将存款等同于存款现金,会使案件的判断陷入“两难”,所以应当将存款区分为存款债权与存款现金,但是有关存款债权的占有,以及存款现金所有的归属一直存在理论争议。为解决以上问题,应当明确刑法与民法虽然统一于法律体系,但是因为调整对象、手段与目的的不同,相较于民法,刑法具有相对独立性。基于此前提,刑法的占有是规范占有,不是民法的事实占有,刑法占有的对象可以包括财产性利益。“占有即所有”原则适用于民法,而不绝对适用于刑法;根据以上结论,可以推导出存款人占有存款债权。存款未被取出时,存款现金归属于银行,若存款被非法取出,存款现金的所有权人是存款人,而非取款人。

With the advent of digital currency era,the liquidity of deposits is gradually enhanced.If the deposit is still equal to the deposit cash,the judgment of the case will fall into a“dilemma”.Therefore,the deposit should be divided into deposit creditor’s right and deposit cash.However,there are theoretical disputes about the possession of deposit creditor’s right and the ownership of deposit cash.In order to solve the above problems,we should make it clear that although criminal law and civil law are unified in the legal system,compared with civil law,criminal law is relatively independent because of different adjustment objects,means and purposes.Based on this premise,the possession of criminal law is normative possession,not factual possession of civil law,and the object of criminal law possession can include property interests.The principle of“possession is ownership”is applicable to civil law,but not to criminal law.When the deposit has not been withdrawn,the deposit cash belongs to the bank.If the deposit is withdrawn illegally,the owner of the deposit cash is the depositor,not the payee.