冬残奥运动项目损伤特征、风险因素及预防措施

Injury Characteristics,Risk Factors and Prevention Measures in Winter Para-Olympic Games

冬残奥项目发展迅速,但由于冬季项目设置的特殊性,加上残疾人体育项目分级的复杂性,使得冬残奥运动损伤的发生率远高于健全人冬奥会和夏残奥会。2002年以来冬残奥项目伤病特征整体损伤率较高,近年来呈上升趋势;高山滑雪、残奥冰球、单板滑雪三个项目损伤率较高,肩膀是损伤的多发部位。我国备战冬残奥的队伍中主要损伤部位高山和单板肩膀、脚踝和膝盖;残奥冰球腕部和肩膀;北欧滑雪腕部和膝盖;轮椅冰壶肩膀。主要风险因素残疾本身引起二次损伤、过度使用等内在因素;比赛中天气、温度、赛道以及设备等外在因素。预防措施启用全过程式伤病监控系统,加强伤病预防综合策略实证研究,注重相关人员伤病预防教育,发挥运动设备的伤病预防作用,提升伤病预防医疗保障条件。我国在备战过程中应特别注意运动员的运动损伤与负荷的记录和分析、运动员的体态问题、运动员的损伤预防教育问题、运动器材辅具的自主设计和研发问题以及运动队医疗人员的配备问题。以减少备战和举办2022年北京冬残奥会过程中运动损伤的发生,体现《奥林匹克2020议程》所提出的“以运动员为中心”的人文关怀理念,为科学备战冬残奥会和促进残疾人冰雪运动发展提供帮助。

Even though Para-Olympic Games have developed rapidly,due to the particularity of the winter events,and the complexity of the classification of the disabled sports,sports-related injuries occur more than those in the Winter Olympic Games and Summer Para-Olympic Games.The overall injury rate of disabled athletes in Winter Para-Olympic Games since 2002 was high,which was increasing these years.The highest injury rates were reported in alpine skiing,ice hockey and snowboarding,with shoulder as the most commonly injured.Among the teams preparing for the Para-Olympic Winter Games in China,shoulders,ankles and knees were mostly injured parts in alpine and snowboard skiing,wrists and shoulders in ice hockey players,waist,knees and legs in Nordic skiing,shoulders in chair curling.Intrinsic risk factors included the second effect of the impairment and overuse.Extrinsic risk factors were related to the environment,including the weather,temperature,track design during the race,and the equipment.The injury prevention could be done by using the whole-process injury monitoring system,streng-thening the empirical research on comprehensive injury prevention strategies,paying attention to the injury prevention education of relevant persons,giving full play to the role of sports equipment in injury prevention,and improving the medical conditions during the training and competition.China should pay special attention to the recording and analysis of sports injuries and training loads,athletes’body shape,injury prevention,independent design and development of sports equipment and assistive devices,and medical staff training so as to reduce the injury rate in preparation for and hosting the Beijing 2022 Winter Para-Olympic Games,to give humanistic concern for the athletes put forth in the Olympic Agenda 2020,to provide scientific help and to promote the development of winter sports for the disabled people.