非法集资“从严”政策的教义学反思

Doctrinal Reflection on the Strict Policy of Illegal Fund-raising

过去二十年,非法集资犯罪适用的刑事政策可以概括为“以严为主、宽以济严”。“从严”政策在司法解释中具体表现为:将“口口相传”统一认定为“公开宣传”,以“借新还旧”推定非法占有目的,坚持严格的违法性认识推定。然而上述“政策性解释”难以经受教义学的检验:“口口相传”的统一认定违背了不作为犯罪的基本原理,“借新还旧”无法作为推定违法占有目的的基础事实,严格的违法性认识推定是对公民知法义务的过度课予。刑法教义学的自有、内在价值赋予了规范刚性,可以限制、消解刑事政策对于刑法规范的过度冲击。司法人员在处理案件时,应建立类型化思维,注重犯罪分类对于具体问题的影响;摒弃对于案件事实和行为人的抽象化理解,重视诉讼角色划分对于定罪量刑的意义;强化“刑事法”意识,以诉讼法视角观察实体法问题。

In the past two decades,the criminal policy of illegal fund-raising is mainly strict and subsidiarily lenient.The strict policy is reflected in the following aspects:identifying“public propaganda”with the fact of“word-of-mouth”,presuming illegal possession intention with“repaying the old with the new”,and insisting strict presumption of illegality.However,these interpretations cannot stand the test of dogmatics.The inherent value of dogmatics can resist the excessive expansion of criminal policy.The judge should pay more attention to crime classification,abandon abstract understanding of facts and actors,emphasize division of litigation roles,and observe substantive problems with perspective of procedural law.