还节于民与还俗于民:对田横祭海仪式节庆化的思考

“Return Festivals to Folk”or“Return Customs to Folk”:Some Views on the Festivalization of Customs——A Case Study of the Tianheng Sea Sacrificial Festival

田横祭海节是渔民的传统民俗在政府的主导下逐步完成节庆化的结果。政府主导下的节庆化祭海仪式虽然获得了更多资源的支持,但却与其产生的海洋生产实践相脱离,应该作为民俗传承主体的渔民在祭海节中仅扮演边缘化参与者的角色。政府意识到这种模式对民俗传承带来不利影响,提出了“还节于民”的策略,但政府依然通过村委会撬动当地的社会网络,通过审核把控作为市场力量代表的文化公司,借助媒体影响村民举止,从而对祭海节最终呈现出的内容与形式起决定性作用,仍是祭海节实际的主导者。“还节于民”难以实践的原因是由于政府塑造的“节”与“民”并不对等,渔民拥有的是源于长期海洋实践所产生的民俗,而非节庆化后的“祭海节”。“俗”与“节”不能混为一谈,也不必强求将塑造后的民俗节庆完全交给村民。“俗”的传承要由“民”承担并与当地人的生产生活实践紧密相联,而民俗节庆可以以当前的形式保持下去。

The Sea Sacrificial Festival in Tianheng stems from a folk-custom activity,which has gradually been completed under the leadership of the government.Though this festival directed by the government attains the support of more resources,it is divorced from the practice of marine production.The fishermen who should be the main body of this custom only play the role of marginalized participants in the festival.Realizing the bad influence of this pattern on the folk inheritance,the government has put forward the route of“returning festivals to folk”.But the government still utilizes the local social network through village committees,controls cultural companies,which are representatives of market forces,through auditing,and influences villagers'behavior with the help of media,thus playing a decisive role in the final presentation of the content and form of the festival,and is still the actual leader of the festival.The reason why this route is hard to practice is that the government-shaped“festivals”are not equal to the“folk”.What fishermen have is the folk custom from the long sea practice rather than the festival.“Customs”and“festivals”should not be confused,nor should the festival be forced to hand over to the villagers.The“custom”inheritance should be borne by the“folk”and closely linked with the local productive practice and living practice.And the folk festivals can be maintained in the present form.