论古埃及托特神崇拜及其与希腊—罗马文化的交往互动

The Study on the Worship of Egyptian God Thoth and its interactions with Greco-Roman Culture

托特神是古代埃及宗教体系中最古老的神祇之一,对于他的崇拜自埃及文明早期一直延续至希腊—罗马统治时期。在三千多年的发展过程中,托特神从一位最初与月亮有关的神祇,进而变为奥西里斯神话和荷鲁斯与塞特之争中重要的保护者和调解人,死者的引导者和辩护者,最终成为世间一切知识和魔法的掌控者,甚至各种不同类型的古埃及文献,如文学、医学、数学等都被视为托特神的杰作。希腊人、罗马人统治埃及后,面对外来文化的冲击,古埃及人对于托特神的崇拜一方面仍然延续,另一方面也与外来宗教文化发生了双向的交流互动。而这一互动的最好例证或许就蕴含在世俗体埃及语《托特之书》与希腊语、拉丁语的《赫尔墨斯文集》的潜在关联之中。

Thoth is one of the oldest gods in the ancient Egyptian religious system.His worship has continued from the early days of Egyptian civilization to the Greco-Roman period.Originally being a god of the moon,Thoth soon has played an essential role as the protector and mediator in Osiris mythology and the conflict between Horus and Seth,and the advocator and defender of the dead,and eventually he became the masters of all knowledge and magic in the world,even various types of ancient Egyptian literature,such as literature,medicine,mathematics,etc.,were regarded as masterpieces of Thoth.During the Greco-Roman period,as facing the impact of foreign culture,the worship of Egyptian Thoth was not only continued,but also had mutual exchanges and interactions with foreign religious cultures.The best example of this reciprocal effect is in the potential connection between the demotic Egyptian Book of Thoth and the Greek and Latin Hermetica.