平衡工作与家庭:家庭生育支持政策的国际比较

Balancing Work-Life:Comparative Study of Family Policies in Different Countries

我国在近几年放开生育政策的情况下生育率仍不断下降,这与我国家庭生育支持政策的不足不无关系。20世纪70年代以来欧洲国家普遍面临女性劳动力市场参与率提高、生育率低迷的情况。支持女性平衡工作与家庭的家庭生育支持政策成为80年代以来社会政策领域的主要发展内容。政策工具包括经济、服务、时间三类,不同国家对三类工具的使用带来了不同的效果,其背后隐含的是去家庭化或再家庭化的不同导向,而这又进一步受到各国具体国情的影响。本文建立在福利国家类型学研究基础上,选择瑞典、德国、英国、西班牙四个典型国家进行分析。本文结论是女性就业趋势不可避免,生育支持政策有效性的关键是看它在多大程度上促进了有子女的女性就业以及在多大程度上促进了劳动力市场的性别平等。再具体到三种政策工具,应该综合且有侧重点地使用:服务类政策是三类政策的重点,公共资源应向这类政策倾斜,在政策设计上要能够保证女性的全职工作时间;经济类政策在于保障儿童的最低生存需求,应有效“兜底”;时间类政策应延长女性的带薪产假至孩子1岁以上,保护她们的工作权利,使不适合公共机构照顾的婴幼儿能得到家庭照顾。

In recent years,despite the continuous opening of family policy in China,the fertility rate is still declining.This shows that the lack of family fertility support policies has affected families,especially women’s willingness to bear children.Since the 1970s,European countries have generally faced the increasing rates of female labor market participation,as well as the low rates of fertility.Family policies to support balancing work and life of women for raising fertility rates have become the main content in the field of social policy since the 1980s.Policy tools include cash benefits,service support,and time support.Different countries use the three categories of tools differently,which brings different effects.Behind it is the different orientation of de-familization or re-familization,which is further affected by specific national conditions of each country.This article is based on the typological research of welfare states,selecting four typical countries of Sweden,Germany,Britain and Spain for analysis.The conclusion of this paper is that the female participation of labor market is inevitable.The key to the effectiveness of the family policy is to see to what extent it promotes the employment of women with children,and to what extent it promotes gender equality in the labor market.