美国加强先进制造业人才培养动因及策略

The Motivations and Strategies to Enhance the Talented Development for Advanced Manufacturing in the United States

金融危机爆发后,发达国家纷纷提出"制造业回归"发展战略,美国将复兴制造业视为提振经济的重要举措。为了增加制造业就业率、应对"技能短缺"问题、适应工作性质的变革,美国联邦政府将加强先进制造业人才培养列入优先事项,采取增强制造业职业的社会认同感、加强以制造业为重点的STEM教育、大力推广学徒制与行业证书制度三大策略。这些虽然在增加工作岗位、降低失业率、扩大学徒雇佣方面取得显著成效,但仍面临民众对制造业行业的偏见难以改变、雇主基于成本和效益考虑对参与劳动力发展计划的态度消极、学徒制推广受限的隐性挑战。综观美国先进制造业人才培养策略,蕴含"终身教育、全民教育、学以致用、合作共赢"四大理念。

After the outbreak of the financial crisis,developed countries have put forward the development strategy of "manufacturing return",and the United States regards the revival of manufacturing as an important measure to revitalize the economy.In order to increase employment in US manufacturing,tackle the "skills shortage" problem,and adjust to the changes of the fundamental nature of work,the federal administration makes the project "talented development for advanced manufacturing" a development priority,adopting strategies such as enhancing the positive perceptions of manufacturing jobs,promoting the manufacturing-focused STEM education and expanding apprenticeship and industry-recognized credentials.Although remarkable achievements have been made in job increases,unemployment reduction and apprenticeship expansion,there are some hidden challenges such as public prejudice against the manufacturing sector that is hard to change,employers’ reluctance to participate in workforce-development-programme for the concern of cost and benefits,and the limited expansion of apprenticeships.The talented development for advanced manufacturing strategy contains four concepts including "lifelong education,education for all,learning for practice,win-win cooperation".