摘要
【目的】研究粉垄耕作对宿根蔗和新植蔗生长过程中土壤养分含量、甘蔗对养分吸收以及植株解剖形态的影响,为粉垄耕作技术推广提供理论依据。【方法】以桂糖42号为供试材料进行田间试验,以常规耕作为对照(CK,耕作深度25 cm),粉垄耕作(垂直旋深40 cm)为处理,甘蔗种植采用新植甘蔗和宿根两种方法。在甘蔗主要生育期,采集植株和土壤样品,测定土壤中速效氮磷钾含量以及甘蔗对养分的吸收和积累量,同时测定叶中氮代谢酶活性和根系活力,观测根系维管束形态结构,并测定根系活力。【结果】与常规耕作相比,粉垄耕作条件下,土壤容重降低了8.6%~16.9%,土壤速效氮、有效磷含量分别提高了8.7%~77.6%和8.2%~25.6%,差异显著;甘蔗叶片氮磷含量提高,增幅分别为11.4%~19.4%和5.3%~34.8%;显著提高了甘蔗出苗率、分蘖率、株高、茎径、有效茎数、产量。粉垄耕作下,甘蔗茎维管束更大,分布更密集,蔗茎维管束数量、维管束面积、后生木质部导管直径、韧皮部面积显著增加,新植蔗和宿根蔗茎维管束面积分别增加了15.2%和16.7%,维管束数量分别增加28.0%和17.8%;后生木质部导管直径分别提高7.8%和7.9%;韧皮部面积分别增加29.7%和30.8%;在苗期、伸长期和成熟期,粉垄耕作的甘蔗根系活力分别比传统耕作处理增加了1.29、1.39和1.25倍,新植蔗叶谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性分别增加了149.6%、36.5%和65.6%,宿根蔗叶GS活性分别增加了65.9%、36.0%和93.3%(P<0.05);在苗期和伸长期,新植蔗叶片谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)分别显著提高了40.3%和69.1%,宿根蔗分别增加37.9%和42.4%;苗期粉垄耕作宿根蔗亚硝酸还原酶(NR)活性显著高于常规耕作甘蔗9.5%。【结论】粉垄耕作可改善土壤理化性状,提高速效氮磷含量,改善甘蔗维管组织,提高甘蔗体内氮磷含量,提高根系活力和氮代谢相关酶活性,有利于甘蔗吸收和转运氮素,促进了氮代谢和氨基酸的合成,为蛋白质的合成提供了物质基础,促进甘蔗生长发育,实现甘蔗增产增收。
【Objectives】Fenlong is a new tillage method that is operated by machine to a depth of 40 cm to break soil hard plant effectively.We studied its beneficial effects on soil and sugarcane plant for the adoption of the new tillage technology.【Methods】Sugarcane cultivar of Guitang42 was used as the test crop in a two-year field experiment in Guangxi Province.The traditional plough(25 cm deep)was used as the control(CK)and Fenlong tillage(40 cm deep)as the treatment.Sugarcane was planted with plant bud(new cane)and ratoon(ratoon cane).The bulk density and available NPK contents of soils were measured in the main growing stages of sugar cane.The agronomic traits of sugarcane,the vascular bundle morphology and root activity,and the nitrogen metabolism related enzyme activity in leaves were measured.【Results】Fenglong tillage significantly reduced soil bulk density by 8.6% to 16.9%,increased soil available N and P by 8.7%-77.6% and 8.2%-25.6%.Compared with CK,the Fenlong tillage raised leaf N and P concentrations by 11.4%-19.4% and 5.3%-34.8%,respectively,increased the seedling rate,tillering rate,plant height,stem diameter,effective stems and yield significantly.Using Fenglong tillage,the vascular bundles of sugarcane plants were larger and more densely distributed,and the number of vascular bundles,vascular bundle area,vessel diameter of metaxylem and phloem area of new sugarcane were increased by 15.2%,28.0%,7.8% and 29.7%,respectively,and those of ratoon cane were increased by 16.7%,17.8%,7.9% and 30.8%,respectively;the root activity was significantly increased throughout the growth period by 1.25-1.39 times.At the seedling stage,the activities of glutamine synthase(GS)and amino acid synthase(GOGAT)in new cane were enhanced by 149.6% and 40.3%,and the indexes of ratoon cane were 65.9% and 37.9% higher,respectively,as compared to control.Fenlong tillage significantly enhanced nitrite reductase(NR)activity of ratoon cane at the elongation stage by 9.5%,and the GS and GOGAT activities by 36.5% and 69.1%.The indexes of ratoon cane were 36.0% and 42.4% higher with Fenglong than those of control,respectively at the mature stage,and the activities of glutamine synthase(GS)in newly planted sugarcane were 65.6% and the indexes of ratoon cane were 93.3% higher than those of control.【Conclusion】Fenlong tillage can significantly increase soil nutrient availability and their uptake by sugarcane plants,improve the vascular bundle structure and the activities of enzymes related to N metabolism and root activity.As a result,it promotes the uptake and translocation of water and nutrients,especially N metabolism and amino acid synthesis,providing a material basis for protein synthesis,facilitating plant growth and development on the ground,and increasing sugarcane yield and sugar content.
作者
李浩
黄金玲
李志刚
韦本辉
陈晓茹
韩世健
梁晓莹
李素丽
LI Hao;Huang Jin-ling;LI Zhi-gang;WEI Ben-hui;CHEN Xiao-ru;HAN Shi-jian;LIANG Xiao-ying;LI Su-li(Agricultural College,Guangxi University,Nanning 530004,China;Institute of Economic Crops,Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Nanning 530007,China)
出处
《植物营养与肥料学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2021年第2期204-214,共11页
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers
基金
广西创新驱动重大专项(AA17204037-4)
国家自然科学基金项目(31871689,31460373)。
关键词
粉垄耕作
甘蔗
土壤速效养分含量
土壤容重
氮代谢酶活性
维管组织
产量
Fenlong
sugarcane
soil available nutrient content
soil bulk density
nitrogen metabolic enzyme activity
vascular tissue
yield