稳定性肥料在中国不同区域的施用效果及施用量

Effect of stabilized fertilizer in different regions of China and the suitable application rate

【目的】对单个区域或者单种作物开展的抑制剂或者稳定性肥料效果研究受土壤类型和气候区域限制,无法为稳定性肥料在不同地理区域的生产和施用提供科学的数据支持。为此,我们在全国范围进行了稳定性肥料施用效果试验,为稳定性肥料的科学施用提供依据。【方法】稳定性肥料产业技术战略联盟于2009—2018年在全国7大地理区域进行了大田试验,比较了等养分条件下,施用稳定性肥料和常规施肥的增产效果,统计分析了2014—2018年的研究结果。【结果】在华南、西南、华中、华东、华北、西北、东北地区,等常规施肥养分稳定性肥料(SF)相对常规施肥(CK)的作物平均增产率分别为5.00%、13.40%、6.96%、8.68%、16.30%、8.72%和5.80%,氮肥农学利用率(NAE)增幅分别为36.11%、29.84%、27.25%、51.02%、54.73%和21.00%(无华北NAE数据);80%常规施肥养分稳定性肥料(80%SF)处理相比CK的增产率分别为1.62%、10.38%、1.78%、6.34%、8.35%、1.44%和0.09%,NAE增幅分别为78.24%、81.41%、49.22%、20.10%、38.96%和62.10%;80%SF处理相对SF处理的作物产量平均减少3.92%、1.22%、1.25%、3.49%、0.07%、1.08%和0.05%,NAE增幅分别为30.95%、40.11%、17.27%、-20.48%、-10.19%和33.97%,与SF处理的作物产量相比,减施20%常规施肥养分稳定性肥料在各个区域均带来小幅减产,80%SF处理相对SF处理的减产幅度在华中、华北、西北和东北地区差异显著(P<0.05),在华南、西南和华东地区差异不显著,80%SF处理相对SF处理的NAE差异多不显著;从全国范围来看,等常规施肥养分稳定性肥料处理平均能提高作物产量8.54%和提高NAE 21.77%,80%常规施肥养分稳定性肥料处理能使产量和NAE分别提高3.13%和26.39%。主成分分析结果发现,稳定性肥料增产率主要受到两种有效公因子的影响,即养分因子和pH因子;稳定性肥料增产率与土壤养分主要呈负相关关系,土壤养分越低,稳定性肥料的增产效果越强,稳定性肥料在贫瘠土壤上产生的经济效益越大(西北极端干旱地区土壤除外);稳定性肥料增产率与土壤pH呈正相关关系,土壤pH越高,稳定性肥料肥效和增产效果越强。【结论】施用稳定性肥料在全国主要种植区域均取得了明显的增产节肥效应,完全可以替代常规施肥模式。综合对比等常规施肥养分稳定性肥料施肥模式和80%常规施肥养分稳定性肥料施肥模式对增产和提高NAE的效果,华东、华中、华北、西北、东北以等常规施肥养分施用稳定性肥料的效果较好,华南、西南稳定性肥料的施用量则以80%的常规施肥养分量为宜。影响稳定性肥料肥效和增产效果最重要的土壤因素是土壤养分,其次是土壤pH。

【Objectives】Experimental results of stabilized fertilizers from one region or one type of crop represent limited soil and climate conditions,hardly provide precise support for the extension of different geological regions.So continuous field experiments in large area were conducted in the seven typical regions of China for the scientific application of stabilized fertilizer.【Methods】Field experiments were carried out throughout China by Strategic Alliance of Stabilized Fertilizer Industry and Technology from 2009 to 2018.All the stabilized fertilizer treatments(SF)were applied in the same amount of N with the local controls,and the P and K input amounts were made equal by chemical fertilizers as well,and 80% of SF treatments(80%SF)were applied in 80%of the N,P,K amount with the SF.The experimental results in 2014-2018 were summarized.【Results】Compared with the local fertilization controls,the SF treatments increased the average yield by 5.00%,13.40%,6.96%,8.68%,16.30%,8.72% and 5.80% in South China,Southwest China,East China,Central China,North China,Northwest China and Northeast China,respectively,and increased the nitrogen agronomic efficiencies(NAE)by 36.11%,29.84%,27.25%,51.02%,(no data for North China),54.73% and 21.00%,respectively;the 80%SF treatments increased the average yield by 1.62%,10.38%,1.78%,6.34%,8.35%,1.44% and 0.09%,respectively,and enhanced the NAE by 78.24%,81.41%,49.22%,20.10%,38.96% and 62.10%,respectively.The average yield increase rate of 80%SF were 3.92%,1.22%,1.25%,3.49%,0.07%,1.08% and 0.05% lower than those of SF,the NAE growth rate of 80%SF were 30.95%,40.11%,17.27%,-20.48%,-10.19% and 33.97% higher than those of SF.The national average growth rate of yield and NAE were 8.54% and 21.77% higher under SF,and 3.13% and 26.39% higher under 80%SF.According to the principal component analysis,soil nutrient content and pH were founded as the two main factors affecting the effect of stabilized fertilizers.The yield growth rate of stabilized fertilizer was negatively correlated with soil nutrient content(P<0.05),and positively correlated with soil pH.The higher the soil pH,the better the yield promotion effect of stabilized fertilizer.【Conclusions】Stabilized fertilizer is capable of replacing the conventional nitrogen fertilizers in China.Application of 100%stabilized fertilizer is recommended in the East,Central,North,Northwest and Northeast China,and application of 80% stabilized fertilizer is more adaptable in South and Southwest China.Soil nutrient contents and pH values are the two key factors that affect the function of stabilized fertilizer.