虚拟货币流通的法律关系与私法保护

On the Legal Relationship and Private Law Protection of Virtual Currency Circulation

由于法律规范供给的不足以及对区块链技术认识的欠缺,以虚拟货币为标的物的民事纠纷裁判结果存在巨大差异。中国人民银行等部门出台的行政规章并未否定虚拟货币本身的合法性,否定的是其作为货币流通的合法性,而非以货币身份流通的虚拟货币应当受到私法保护。“一刀切”地将虚拟货币定性为物权客体、货币、债权、数据或者网络虚拟财产均难以实现逻辑和理论上的周延,在既有法律规范框架下应肯定虚拟货币的财产价值,并以无体物为其具体存在形式。在交易关系中,虚拟货币与商品或者服务交换时,应认定为互易关系;虚拟货币与法定货币交换时,应认定为买卖关系。虚拟货币持有者所享有的权益属于民事利益而非民事权利,他人侵害虚拟货币持有者权益时,虽然无法受到物权保护,但仍应获得侵权救济。在虚拟货币交易或者侵权行为中,虚拟货币损失的计算应参考“共识机制”群体所认可的价格。

Due to the insufficient supply of regulations and the lack of understanding of blockchain technology,the judgment effect of civil disputes with virtual currency as the subject matter is greatly different.The administrative regulations issued by the central bank and other departments do not deny the legitimacy of the virtual currency itself,but only deny the legitimacy of its circulation as a currency.The virtual currency that is not circulated as a currency should be protected by private law.It is difficult to define virtual currency as the object of real right,currency,creditor's right,data or network virtual property in one size fits all.Therefore,the property value of virtual currency should be affirmed under the existing normative framework,and its specific existence form should be the absence of physical objects.In the transaction relationship,when the virtual currency is exchanged with goods or services,it should be recognized as the reciprocal relationship;when virtual currency is exchanged with fiat currency,it shall be regarded as a trading relationship.The rights and interests enjoyed by virtual currency holders belong to civil interests rather than civil rights.When others infringe on the rights and interests of virtual currency holders,although they cannot be protected by real rights,they can still get tort relief.In the transaction of virtual currency or infringement,the calculation of virtual currency loss should refer to the price accepted by the group of“consensus mechanism”.