三星堆遗址出土石器历时性变化与制作工艺初论

A Preliminary Study of the Diachronic Variations and Craftsmanship of Stone Artifacts Unearthed at Sanxingdui Site

三星堆遗址出土的石器可分为非实用器和实用器两大类。从三星堆遗址第二期开始,非实用器开始多于实用器,石璧最为常见,这一格局一直持续至遗址衰落。石器加工方面,三星堆遗址主要采用打、磨、钻三种工艺,石璧的制作大致经制坯、打磨、钻孔三个步骤;石斧多以砾石为素材,先加工扁圆砾石长径两侧,然后从两侧、顶端和底端向砾石两面进行加工并制出刃部,最后磨光;石锛多以石片为素材,打制出顶部后,利用石片边缘成刃部,然后磨光全器。

More than 1,000 stone artifacts were unearthed from Sanxingdui site over years of excavations,encompassing non-practical items mainly composed of bi discs and practical tools which are largely axes and adzes.According to the time sequence,the range and quantity of stone artifacts increased sharply from the second period of Sanxingdui site.From then on,non-practical stone artifacts began and continued to outnumber practical tools,making up the majority of stone artifacts in Sanxingdui site till its abandonment,represented by the most frequently discovered stone bi.In terms of lithic technology,the major techniques employed in Sanxingdui site involved direct hammer percussion,grinding and tube drilling.The general production sequence(chaine operatoire in the narrow sense)of bi discs was preforming,limited grinding and tube drilling.The blanks for axes mostly were cobbles,and the manufacturing sequence can be divided into 3 phases as follows:first reducing the longitudinal sides of the cobble,then flaking from both sides,top and bottom to produce the perform,and finally polishing.By comparison,the manufacturing process of adzes was comparatively simple:first chipping and pecking the flake,which is mainly the blanks for adzes,into the rectangular or trapezoidal shape,making use of the edge of flake as the adze's blade,then polishing the whole tool.In general,with regard to the types of products and production capacity,a distinct change in the manufacturing system of Sanxingdui stone artifacts had started from the second period of Sanxingdui site.Similar stone artifacts comprised of non-practical and practical items later were also recovered from the sites of Jinsha,Xinyaopu and Zhengyincun etc.Given these facts,the analysis of stone artifacts from Sanxingdui site requires systematical enquiry into the lithic industry,with the aim to explore how various resources related to lithic production were controlled and utilized by inhabitants at that time.Apart from that,based on the comparison of production system,the study can even go further to elucidate the similarities and differences of technological choices,manufacturing organizations and consumption among Sanxingdui,Jinsha and other Pre-Qin sites on the Chengdu Plain.And when successfully organized,it can be harnessed to reach some of the highest dangling fruits of the interpretative tree and shed light on the transition of archaeological cultures,the interaction among sites,and the characteristics of regional economy.