联合国军事维和人员不法行为的归责主体认定

Identification on Attributable Subject of Wrongful Act Committed by Military Peacekeepers of the United Nations

联合国军事维和人员不法行为的归责主体认定非常复杂,须分两种情况讨论。在联合国指挥的维和行动中,联合国对维和部队具有行动控制权,派遣国具有纪律制裁权和刑事管辖权,维和部队既是联合国的附属机关,也是派遣国的机关。这种双重指挥机制决定了《国际组织的责任条款》第7条是最合适的法律依据。在联合国授权的维和行动中,指挥与控制机制较为复杂,被授权主体具有行动性指挥与控制,派遣国享有纪律制裁权和刑事管辖权,联合国具有最终控制。《国际组织的责任条款》第7条适用于认定被授权主体或派遣国的责任,不适合认定联合国责任。这两类维和行动均存在双重或多重归责的可能。

The attribution of wrongful act committed by military peacekeepers of the United Nations is very complicated,which includes two circumstances.As for peacekeeping operations commanded by the United Nations,the United Nations has operational control over the peacekeeping force on the one hand,and sending state retains disciplinary powers and criminal jurisdiction over the national contingent on the other hand.Peacekeeping force belongs to both a subsidiary organ of the UN and an organ of sending state.This dual commanding mechanism makes Article 7 of Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organisations the most suitable legal basis.As for peacekeeping operations authorized by the United Nations,the authorized subject has operational command and control,sending state has disciplinary power and criminal jurisdiction,and the UN has ultimate control.The Article 7 is applicable to identify the responsibility of the authorized subject or sending state,but not applicable to the responsibility of the UN.Both of the two kinds of peacekeeping operations have the possibility of dual or multiple attribution.