警察开枪射击的适法情形与最小武力原则——德国的制度逻辑与借鉴意义

Legitimacy Circumstances When The Police Opens Fire and Minimum Force Principle

何时开枪、开枪限度如何是警察枪支使用制度中的核心议题。对此,德国法不仅通过“开枪目的”和“行为罪质”(重罪或轻罪)来限定准许开枪的适法情形,还根据射击动作的各个环节动态地分解最小武力原则。德国制度设计的内在机理为解决我国警察实践中不敢用枪、过度用枪问题提供了有力的理论支撑。其一,《人民警察使用警械和武器条例》第9条列举的14种开枪适法情形应在与刑法关联的意义上理解,即应将相对应的犯罪构成要件导入到枪械使用的要件判断中去。其二,可以开枪的适法情形包括但不限于上述《人民警察使用警械和武器条例》第9条明文例举的14种情形。根据立法者本意,该条兜底条款“法律、行政法规规定可以使用武器的其他情形”,是指所有为《刑法》所规定,最低刑在3年以上的犯罪。其三,中德制度之比较为全面理解我国落实最小武力原则的相关制度以及多个关键的不确定法律概念提供了广阔视角与智识资源。

“When to opening fire”and“limit of opening fire”are the core theme in the system of use of firearms by the police.Thereby,Germany not only defines the applicable circumstances of opening fire through“purpose of opening fire”and“behavior crime”(heavy offense and light offense),but also dynamically breaks down minimum force principle according to each link of shooting action.The internal mechanism of Germany institutional design provides powerful theoretical support for the prominent problems of“dare not open fire”and“open fire excessively”in Chinese police.On one hand,the legitimacy circumstances are regulated with example.The regulation is too rigid in face of the variable cases in the world.We should activate the dynamic role of“save clause”in the regulation,and interpret the significance related to criminal law based on the intent of the lawmaker.On the other hand,Sino-Germany institutional comparison provides the continuous and complete perspectives for understanding the principle of Minimum Force in China.In addition,the German law also provides reference significance for the common theory of several key and uncertain legal concepts after several years’discussion.