船桥会与清代陕南地方社会

Crossing the River Depends on It:the Boat&Bridge Association and the Local Society of Southern Shaanxi in Qing Dynasty

船桥会是清初至民国末年汉江流域普遍存在的民间组织,它依托渡口而存在,并募集资金以建桥造船,利涉汉江。清代陕南船桥会内部实行有章可循的科层制管理,权责明晰。绅粮公议基础上推举的首士和会首在任期内全权负责船桥会事务,会首掌管会产,冬则搭桥,夏则造船,并负责拣选和雇佣水夫、巡河。水夫负责摆渡,巡河负责监督。南郑县案例表明,水田是船桥会的大宗公共财产,它是用船桥会每年建桥造船后的余钱置买的,主要分布在冷水河五堰中的隆兴堰和老溪堰灌区。这些土地在船桥会名下,或可避免灌溉时的堰水之争。在船桥会的创建和运转过程中,各方援引不同规则和资源,对船桥会进行意义附加和文化营造,进而结成"水上交通共同体"。士绅群体对此发挥着不可替代的作用,他们实际掌控着船桥会。他们参与公益,除了依靠封建伦理和道义来维系外,更多的是受民间信仰和经济利益等多重因素的驱使。

From the early Qing Dynasty to the end of the Republic of China,the Boat&Bridge Association was a common civil society organization of public welfare in Hanjiang River Basin.It was formed in the name of a ferry and raised funds from the local people to build bridges or boats in order to cross the Hanjiang River.In Qing Dynasty,the Boat&Bridge Association in southern Shaanxi was managed by hierarchical system,which had clear rules and regulations.On the basis of the public discussion between the gentlemen and the grain growers,the chief of the gentlemen and the head of the association were elected,and during their term of office,they were fully responsible for the affairs of the association.The heads of the association were in charge of the joint property of the association,were responsible for building bridges in winter and building boats in summer,and also were responsible for selecting and employing water men and patrols.The water men were in charge of the ferry and the river patrols were in charge of supervision.The case of Nanzheng County showed that paddy field was a large amount of public property of the Boat&Bridge Association,and it was bought with the remaining money after the bridge was built every year.Its main position was distributed in Longxing Weir and Laoxi Weir irrigation area in the five Weir of Lengshui River.The land was in the name of the association,so tenants may be able to avoid the weir water dispute caused by irrigation.In the process of the establishment and operation of the Boat&Bridge Association,all sides invoked different rules and resources to add meaning and culture to the association,and then formed a“water traffic community”.The gentry group played an irreplaceable role in this process,and they actually controlled the association.Their participation in public welfare was not only maintained by feudal ethics and morality,but also driven by multiple factors such as folk beliefs and economic interests.