瓦剌与明代大同贡市

Oriats Mongols and Tribute Trade of Datong in Ming Dynasty

从瓦剌的兴起到衰落,明瓦以朝贡为核心建立的边疆关系动荡不羁,围绕贡道建立的贡市贸易成为影响明蒙关系的核心要素。大同作为瓦剌贡道的重要地点,其贡市贸易经历了均势博弈下的约贡路市、瓦剌崛起下的通贡马市、明廷全面内守下的绝贡闭市和外羁内守下的封贡互市四个时期。大同贡市实践表明,朝贡关系中明廷政治利益和蒙古经济利益的非均势博弈是导致边疆关系变动的关键要素,而平等互利的贸易原则才是维持边疆长期稳定的砝码。

From the rise to the decline of Oriats Mongols,the frontier relations established by Ming Dynasty and Oriats Mongols with tribute as the core were turbulent,and the tribute trade established around tribute road became the core factor affecting the Ming-Mongolian relations.Datong,as an important place for Oriats Mongols to pay tribute,has experienced four periods of trade:Road Market under the balance of power game,Horse Market under the rise of Oriats Mongols,Closed Market under the overall internal guard of Ming Dynasty and Mutual Market under the external control and internal guard.The practice of Datong City shows that the unbalanced game between the political interests of the Ming Dynasty and the economic interests of Mongolia is the key factor leading to the change of border relations,and the trade principle of equality and mutual benefit is the weight to maintain the long-term stability of the border.