虚假关系管理的语用分析——以网络谣言为例

A Pragmatic Analysis of Mock Rapport Management:With Evidence from Online Rumors

本文在糅合Spencer-Oatey关系管理模式和马斯洛需求层次理论的基础上提出虚假关系管理的语用分析框架,并用来剖析一些网络谣言案例。分析结果表明,相关网络谣言涉及建构型关系管理,以提升关系为主要取向,在利益、情感、面子和道义这四个维度努力建构相对和谐的交际双边关系。鉴于网络谣言的欺骗性本质,本文指出,网络谣言制造者的上述关系管理其实是通过对听话人不同层面心理需求的"负顺应"来实施虚假关系管理,目的是增加其所传播谣言的可信度,并在一定程度上掩盖其欺骗性。运用该框架既能解释网络谣言制造者如何实现欺骗目的,又可以阐释网络谣言得以实现广泛传播的动因。据此,我们认为基于该框架来分析交际中的虚假关系管理是有意义的:一方面,从关系管理角度开展的研究能够深化对欺骗性交际行为的认识,另一方面,运用马斯洛需求层次理论来系统阐释说话人对听话人心理诉求的"负顺应"能够弥补关系管理模式对交际者动机考察的不足。

This paper,based on Spencer-Oatey's Rapport Management Model(2008)and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs,proposed an explanatory framework to analyze mock rapport management,which is evidenced by the study of real online rumor cases.It is found that these online rumors reflect the effort of rapport management,with enhancement as the main orientation in terms of benefit,emotion,face,and morality and justice.Referring to the deceptive nature of online rumors,this paper points out that online rumor makers,when engaging in such rapport management,intend to negatively adapt to different levels of hearers'psychological needs through mock rapport management with the purpose of increasing the reliability of the rumors and covering up their deceptive nature.As is suggested by the study,this framework offers not only an explanation of how rumor makers perform deceptive verbal activities but also why the rumors get widely circulated.In viewing of this,we believe in the significance of the application of the framework to analyze mock rapport management.On the one hand,taking the perspective of rapport management can deepen the understanding of the deceptive use of language;on the other hand,the attempt to apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to account for the speaker's(negative)adaptation to listener's psychological needs can add to the insufficient explanatory power of Rapport Management Model.