构建传统日粮配合技术体系升级版“平衡日粮”及其应用的若干思考

Upgraded Balanced Diets Prepared by Feed Formulation and Their Applications and Practices

“全价日粮”配制考虑了动物营养需要的全面性和平衡性,在一定条件下保证了动物的生长发育和生产。但全价日粮对非营养因素在消化道与营养成分的互作关注不多,影响了全价日粮的稳定性,特别是无抗日粮尤为明显。日粮的理化、生化和生物活性成分等非营养因素在消化道直接影响营养的消化、吸收和肠道的消耗,同时也影响肠道功能和健康。其中重要的因素包括酸碱度、电解质平衡值、黏稠度与流动性、微生物菌群、内源酶与外源酶、免疫作用和氧化还原特性等,其特性与功能过低或偏高都影响肠道完整性和功能发挥,最终影响日粮效果而导致动物健康与生产性能下降。同时兼顾营养平衡与理化、生化及生物活性因子平衡的“平衡日粮”是未来饲料配制与日粮配方技术的发展方向。“平衡日粮”的理念或技术体系有明确的范围与内容,可以量化并具有可操作性,能够在饲料养殖实践中应用。

The preparation of"complete diets"based on nutritive balance takes into account the compre⁃hensiveness and balance of animal nutrients requirements,and maintains the growth,development and production performance of animals under certain conditions.However,the complete diets pay little atten⁃tion to the interaction between non-nutritional factors and nutritional components in digestive tract,thus affecting the stability of complete diets,especially for the antibiotic-free diets.The non-nutritional fac⁃tors such as physicochemical and biochemical properties as well as bioactive components of diets can di⁃rectly affect the digestion,absorption and intesti⁃nal consumption of nutrients in digestive tract,and also affect intestinal functions and health.The important factors in the non-nutritional fac⁃tors of include pH,electrolyte balance,viscosity and fluidity,microbiota,endogenous and exogenous enzymes,immune functions and redox characteris⁃tics,etc.The low or high response of their characteristics and functions can affect the intestinal integrity and functions,and ultimately impact the effect of diets,resulting in declines of animal health and produc⁃tion performance.The"balanced diets",which take into account the balance of nutrition and physico⁃chemical,biochemical and bioactive factors,are the tendency of feed preparation and formulation technol⁃ogy in the future.The concept or technical system of"balanced diets"has clear scope and content,which can be quantified and operable and can be applied in the feeds and feeding practice.