曾纪泽使俄前心理演变——兼论其中俄交涉举措的确立

Zeng Jize's Mental Course Before Arriving Tsarist Russia and the Negotiation Measures Between Late Qing Dynasty and Tsarist Russia

1880—1881年中俄伊犁交涉是曾纪泽外交事业的巅峰,其使俄前对遣使改约由畏懦缓议到坚定对俄开展交涉的心理变化,是多种因素共同作用的结果。其一,曾氏对俄之阴险及崇约丧权之严重性有了基本认识;其二,相较于崇厚交涉前后总署给予的宽泛告诫,曾氏使俄前收悉了总署对于谈判的具体谋划方案;其三,清廷“宽减”崇厚擅权之罪,不仅在一定程度上缓和了中俄间紧张关系,也缓解了曾氏与俄交涉的畏惧心理。在曾氏心理转化的同时,中俄伊犁交涉举措逐渐成型:确立“重界轻商”谈判方略;对总署关于使俄人事及出使职衔安排做出理性回应;力主和谈的同时积极备战。曾氏使俄前心理演变及中俄交涉举措的确立为中俄谈判打下了坚实基础,其中的经验教训对当代中国外交具有一定借鉴意义。

From 1880 to 1881,the Ili negotiation between China and Tsarist Russia was the summit of Zeng Jize's diplomatic career.The psychological change that led to the change of diplomatic envoys from timid to firm negotiation with Tsarist Russia was the result of many factors.First of all,Zeng Jize had a basic understanding of Russia's insidious nature and the seriousness of“Treaty of rivajia”;second,compared with the broad warning given by the General Administration before Chong Hou arriving Tsarist Russia,Zeng Jize received the specific plan of the General Administration for negotiation before arriving Tsarist Russia;third,the Qing government's“Leniency”of the Chong Hou's crime,not only eased the tension between China and Tsarist Russia to a certain extent,but also relieved Zeng Jize's anxiety and fear of negotiating with Tsarist Russia.At the same time of this psychological transformation,the negotiation measures between China and Tsarist Russia gradually took shape,which are embodied in the following aspects:establishing the negotiation strategy of“attaching importance to the border but neglecting the business”;making a rational response to the arrangement of personnel and rank of diplomatic envoys of Russia made by the General Administration;actively preparing for the war while advocating the peace talks.The psychological evolution of Zeng Jize before visiting Tsarist Russia and the establishment of the negotiation measures between China and Tsarist Russia lay a solid foundation for the post Russia negotiation.The experience and lessons can be used for reference in contemporary China's Diplomacy.