以色列集体村社制度基布兹的“私有化”改革及其启示

Privatization reform of Israel’s Kibbutzim and its implications

增强农村集体经济组织的活力,发挥集体经济的引领作用,对于实现乡村振兴战略具有积极意义。但是,过去的集体化遭遇挫折,现在新形势下的集体产权制度改革和发展新型集体经济组织又存在种种困难。因而,在发展农村集体经济过程中借鉴国外经验就具有一定的参考价值。本文根据2017年对以色列的实地调研,并结合已有研究文献,在回顾基布兹制度特征和"私有化"改革的宏观背景基础上,围绕20世纪90年代以来基布兹的改革内容、路径和影响,分析了基布兹改革的实质。研究认为,基布兹改革的本质是在坚持生产资料集体所有制的前提下,通过所有权与经营权分离,提高经营效率;通过大幅度缩小公共福利供给范围,降低组织运营成本。改革的目标是提高组织运行效率,而不是放弃集体所有制。同时,基布兹改革背后所蕴含的发展农村集体经济的经验和教训值得反思和参考。对于当下发展新型农村集体经济来说,其健康发展必须具备三个条件:成员的集体主义认同、新型集体经济组织运行的独立性和集体经济组织体系的完整性。

It is significant for China’s rural vitalization strategy to improve the strength and the guiding role of rural collective economic organizations.In the past,the collectivization ended with failures,and currently there are still some problems in the reform of the rural collective property right system and the development of new collective economic organizations.Therefore,the experiences from foreign countries can provide some implications for China.Beginning with the institutions of the Kibbutzim and the backgrounds of the reform,this paper tried to uncover the nature of the reform through a detailed analysis of the contents,the route and the impacts of the reform,based on a literature review and an on-site survey in Israel.Results show that the Kibbutzim’s reform,in nature,is the process of bettering the organization by the separation of ownership and management rights and also a process of reducing the cost by limiting welfare distributions.Furthermore,the reform has been aimed at improving the operational efficiency rather than abolishing the collective ownership system.Meanwhile,the experiences and lessons are obtained from the Kibbutzim’s reform,which is in relation to pushing forward the rural collective economy.The study also implies that the healthy development of the new rural collective economy depends on the members’devotion to communalism,the independence of the new collective economic organizations and the completeness of the collective economic organization system.