清中期京城轿夫聚赌之治理

Court's Governance of Sedan-chair Bearers'Operateing Gambling in Capital City in Mid-Qing Dynasty

清中期京城轿夫以获利为主要目的猖狂聚赌,形成群体效应,许多轿夫与旗民合伙开场聚赌,成为大型赌场的掌控者。轿夫聚赌对京城社会治安和旗人生计等造成巨大冲击。清廷因之对王公大臣的乘轿礼制进行调整,对京城轿夫管理及聚赌订立新法并制度化,体现了清中期禁赌制度向精细化发展的趋势。在司法实践中,清廷以常规性和突击性相结合的方式对轿夫聚赌进行巡查,缉捕审办由步军统领衙门、都察院和刑部分工分步实施。清廷治理京城轿夫聚赌的成效有限,主要系基层吏治腐败、立法缺陷、轿夫狡猾应对等阻力所致,这些阻力严重妨碍了禁赌制度的落实,也折射出清代官方禁赌在制度设计与实际成效之间存在的巨大反差。

Sedan-chair bearers of capital city operated gambling frenziedly for the purpose of seeking profit in Mid-Qing Dynasty and formed group effect. Many sedan-chair bearers, who formed a partnership with banners’ people and common people, became owers of many large scale of casinos. This kind of behavior had a huge bad impact with the order of capital city and the livelihood of banners’ people. For this reason,the court adjusted the ritual ceremony of sedan chair of princes and ministers,and made new laws for sedan-chair bearers to prevent operating gambling, which meant a new tend to precision for country system of ban gambling. In judicial practice, the court patroled this crime in routine and sudden ways, arrest and hearing cases were divided labour properly by Infantry Commander Yamen, Censorate of Court and Board of Punishments. The governance of the court for this crime was not productive, and that was mainly in result of official corruption, defects of laws, tricky responses of sedan-chair bearers and so on. These resistances stand in the way of the implement of system of ban gambling,which reflected a great contrast between institutional design and actual results in official prohibition of gambling of Qing Dynasty.