外商直接投资、产学研合作与地区创新绩效——来自中国省级面板数据的实证研究

Foreign direct investment,university-industry collaboration and regional innovation performance:Empirical analysis based on the panel data of China′s provinces

本文构建了外商直接投资、产学研合作的溢出效应和地区创新绩效的分析框架,运用中国省级面板数据进行实证分析,检验了外商直接投资与产学研合作的溢出效应在对区域创新产出和创新效率的影响上存在何种关系(互补/替代)。研究表明:在对区域产品相关创新产出的影响上,外商直接投资与产学研合作作为两类知识获取渠道存在替代关系;在对区域专利相关和产品相关创新效率的影响上,外商直接投资与产学研合作作为两类知识获取渠道存在替代关系。在上述结论的基础上,本文对中国区域创新绩效提升提出了相关的政策建议。

The spillover effect of foreign direct investment has been emphasized to be important to regional innovation capability building in developing countries.However,there are still two research gaps in existing research.On one hand,it is ignored how the interaction effects of foreign direct investment and university-industry collaboration contribute to regional innovation output and innovation efficiency.On the other hand,prior research does not much address how the knowledge spillover effect of foreign direct investment affects innovation performance based on regional level.To address the above issues,this paper seeks to investigate the following research questions.First,do foreign direct investment and university-industry collaboration as knowledge acquisition channels relate as complements or substitutes as to their influence on regional innovation output?Second,do the two above-mentioned knowledge acquisition channels relate as complements or substitutes on regional innovation efficiency?As to the first research question,this paper estimates a Griliches-Jaffe knowledge production function model to explain how university-industry collaboration and foreign direct investment affect regional innovation performance using a dataset covering 30 provincial-level regions in China.Our data is drawn from the China Statistical Yearbook on Science and Technology and the Statistical Yearbook of China published by the National Bureau of Statistic of China.Two measures are introduced for the innovation performance variable.One is the product-related innovation performance measured as new product output value,while the other is the patent-related innovation performance measured as patent applications.The innovation input includes four independent variables as R&D expenditure,R&D personnel,foreign direct investment and university-industry relationship.With regard to the second research question,this paper employs the translog stochastic frontier production model using a data set of 30 provincial-level regions in China from 2001-2008 to explore the potential interaction effect of university-industry collaboration and foreign direct investment on regional innovation efficiency.In the translog stochastic frontier production model,this paper considers two kinds of innovation input,i.e.R&D expenditure and R&D personnel,and also uses new product output value and patent counts(number of patent applications)to measure the product-related and patent-related knowledge output.In the technical inefficiency model,the independent variables of technical inefficiency include foreign direct investment and university-industry relationship;in addition,there are three control variables(financial support,infrastructure,and geographic location).Based on Hausman test and Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian multiplier(BP-LM)test,the fixed effect model is selected.Then we run the regression analysis based on Driscoll-Kraay standard errors estimators method with Stata 12.0 programme.The results display that university-industry collaboration and foreign direct investment share a substituting relationship in shaping regional product-related innovation output.This can be resulting from that knowledge transferred by university-industry relationships and foreign direct investment is of high complexity and tacitness,which will request more time and cost for receiving firms to acquire and assimilate.Under the circumstances of limited resources,firms will select their preferred knowledge acquisition channel after evaluating the costs and benefits of these two channels.The maximum-likelihood estimates for all the parameters of the translog stochastic frontier production model are conducted by the FRONTIER 4.1.Some hypothesis tests are undertaken to determine the preferred model by using the likelihood ratio statisticλ.The parameter estimates for the preferred translog stochastic frontier and inefficiency model indicate that university-industry collaboration and foreign direct investment share a substituting relationship in enhancing regional patent-related and product-related innovation efficiency.The underlying reason could be that during the process of technology catchingup,it becomes more and more difficult for Chinese firms to get key technology from foreign investors.Therefore,Chinese firms turn to build cooperation relationships with universities and research institutes,seeking to innovate incrementally based on knowledge spillover from such relationships.The research results indicate that foreign direct investment and university-industry collaboration as two knowledge acquisition channels share a substitution relationship as to their influence on regional innovation output and innovation efficiency within regional innovation system.The findings contribute to our understandings of how emerging economies should accumulate their innovation capability in regional level.Not only foreign technology but also the university-industry collaboration can play a crucial role in regional innovation capability building.