民法典解释与适用中的十个问题

Ten Issues about Interpretation and Application of The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China

《中华人民共和国民法典》第416条并非“超级优先权”,而是针对大型机动车分期付款买卖价款而设置的特别动产抵押;第494条规定的强制缔约主要解决紧急情势下的抢险救灾等依据指令性计划签订合同的问题,是中国特色社会主义民法的重要体现;第545条第2款是对债权转让限制的反限制,对非金钱债权采取了不能对抗善意第三人的办法,对金钱债权则尽量使当事人不去限制它,以发挥货币的流通功能;《中华人民共和国民法典》删除无权处分的规定不甚妥当,无权处分的规定无法用第597条来代替;第680条关于禁止高利放贷的规定很有必要,但只是原则性的规定,其具体化操作需留给法院的司法解释或者行政法规去完成;保理合同是融债权转让、委托、借款、担保于一体的复合性合同,面对这类纠纷法院应按照各自的性质分别处理;第996条和第1183条第2款均为新出规定,其中的人身意义必须是特定物本身所固有而非权利人主观赋予;遗产管理人能发挥管理遗产、分配遗产等功能,还可以在没有继承人的情况下成为适格被告;第1186条抹杀了公平责任的授权条款功能,但法律又没有与之相匹配的具体规定,这就使这个制度失去了它的价值;第533条划清了情势变更与不可抗力的界线,前者的发生以变更为原则,以裁决解除为例外,后者是免责或减责的法定事由。

Article 416 of The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China is not“super priority”,but a special chattel mortgage for the installment sale of large motor vehicles.The compulsory contracting stipulated in Article 494 mainly solves the problems of signing contracts according to mandatory plans,such as emergency rescue and disaster relief,which is an important embodiment of the socialist civil law with Chinese characteristics.The second paragraph of Article 545 is a counter-restriction on the transfer of obligatory right.For non-monetary obligatory right,it adopts a method of not confronting the bona fide third party;as for monetary obligatory right,it gives full play to the circulation function of money as far as possible instead of limiting it.It is not appropriate for The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China to delete the provisions of unauthorized disposition,nor can those provisions be replaced by Article 597.Article 680 is necessary as it prohibits high-interest lending,but it is only a rule of principle,which requires the judicial interpretation or administrative regulations to specify how to operate it.Factoring contract is a compound contract which integrates the transfer of obligatory right,entrustment,loan and guarantee.Disputes in this regard should be dealt with according to their respective nature.Both Article 996 and Paragraph 2 of Article 1183 are new provisions,in which personal value must be inherent in the specific object rather than subjectively endowed by the obligee.The administrator can perform the functions of managing and distributing the estate,and can also become a defendant if there is no heir.Article 1186 eliminates the function of authorization clause of fair liability while there is no specific provision in law to match it,which makes this system lose its value.Article 533 draws a clear line between a change of circumstances and force majeure,the former based on the principle of change with the exception of the termination by court,while the latter being the legal reason for exemption or reduction of liability.