交往交流交融:明代哈尼族与汉族关系述论

Exchange,Communication and Integration:A Review on the Relationship Between the Hani and Han Nationalities in Ming Dynasty

明代哈尼族大部分分布于西南地区之临安府、元江府、楚雄府、景东府、镇沅府、车里军民宣慰司等地,云南府、大理府等亦有零星分布。明承元制在滇南少数民族地区推行的土司土官制,强化了哈尼族与明王朝的政治关系;随着以各种途径和方式进入滇南地区汉族移民的增多以及当地交通条件的改善,哈尼族地区甚至出现了“夷汉”杂处聚居区;各种教育机构的设置、汉文化在哈尼族中的传播,让哈尼族与汉族之间经济交往、文化交流愈加频繁,汉族与哈尼族之间不断交融。这不仅增强了哈尼族对明王朝的国家认同,对中国历史上王朝国家多元一统格局的巩固和发展产生了重要影响,而且为中华民族多元一体格局的形成奠定了历史基础。

During Ming Dynasty,most of the Hani nationality were distributed throughout southwestern prefectures,such as Lin'an,Yuanjiang,Chuxiong,Jingdong,Zhenyuan,Che-li Pacification Superintendency,and a small group of them were also distributed in prefectures like Yunnan and Dali.Ming Dynasty introduced Tusi-Tuguan system inherited from Yuan Dynasty in regions of southern Yunnan inhabited by ethnic minorities,which enhanced political relationship between the Hani nationality and Ming Dynasty.Because more people of Han nationality came to southern Yunnan by all means and ways,and traffic conditions were improved,mixed settlements with“Han and Yi”appeared in the area.Thanks to the establishment of all kinds of educational facilities and the spread of Han culture among Hani nationality,the economic exchange and cultural communication became more frequent between the two nationalities,and the integration between the two nationalities was greatly enhanced.This not only strengthened the recognition of Hani nationality towards Ming Dynasty,which had a great influence on the consolidation and development of diversity in unity pattern in our country's feudal history,but also laid the historical foundation of the formation of diversity in unity pattern for the Chinese nation.